Kif Immaniġġja s-Servizzi u l-Unitajiet Systemd billi tuża Systemctl fil-Linux
Systemctl hija utilità systemd li hija responsabbli għall-Kontroll tas-sistema systemd u l-maniġer tas-servizz. Systemd hija ġabra ta' demonijiet ta' ġestjoni tas-sistema, utilitajiet, u libreriji li jservi bħala sostituzzjoni tad-demon init tas-Sistema V. Systemd jiffunzjona bħala pjattaforma ċentrali ta 'ġestjoni u konfigurazzjoni għal sistema bħal UNIX.
Fil-Linux, Ecosystem Systemd ġie implimentat fuq il-biċċa l-kbira tad-Distribuzzjoni Linux standard bi ftit eċċezzjonijiet. Systemd huwa l-Proċess ġenitur tad-daemons l-oħra kollha spiss iżda mhux dejjem.
Dan l-artikolu għandu l-għan li jixħet dawl fuq \Kif tikkontrolla s-Sistema u s-Servizzi fuq sistema li qed taħdem systemd.
Nibda b'Systemtd u Systemctl Basics
1. L-ewwel, iċċekkja jekk systemd huwiex installat fis-sistema tiegħek jew le, u x'inhi l-verżjoni ta' Systemd installat bħalissa?
# systemctl --version systemd 215 +PAM +AUDIT +SELINUX +IMA +SYSVINIT +LIBCRYPTSETUP +GCRYPT +ACL +XZ -SECCOMP -APPARMOR
Huwa ċar mill-eżempju ta 'hawn fuq, li għandna l-verżjoni systemd 215 Installata.
2. Iċċekkja fejn huma installati l-binarji u l-libreriji ta' systemd u systemctl.
# whereis systemd systemd: /usr/lib/systemd /etc/systemd /usr/share/systemd /usr/share/man/man1/systemd.1.gz # whereis systemctl systemctl: /usr/bin/systemctl /usr/share/man/man1/systemctl.1.gz
3. Iċċekkja jekk systemd huwiex qed jaħdem jew le.
# ps -eaf | grep [s]ystemd root 1 0 0 16:27 ? 00:00:00 /usr/lib/systemd/systemd --switched-root --system --deserialize 23 root 444 1 0 16:27 ? 00:00:00 /usr/lib/systemd/systemd-journald root 469 1 0 16:27 ? 00:00:00 /usr/lib/systemd/systemd-udevd root 555 1 0 16:27 ? 00:00:00 /usr/lib/systemd/systemd-logind dbus 556 1 0 16:27 ? 00:00:00 /bin/dbus-daemon --system --address=systemd: --nofork --nopidfile --systemd-activation
Avviż: systemd qed jaħdem bħala daemon ġenitur (PID=1). Fil-kmand ta 'hawn fuq ps bi (-e) agħżel il-Proċessi kollha, (-a) agħżel il-proċessi kollha ħlief il-mexxejja tas-sessjoni u (-f) għal lista ta' format sħiħ (jiġifieri -eaf).
Ukoll, innota l-parentesi kwadri fl-eżempju ta 'hawn fuq u l-bqija tal-eżempji li għandek issegwi. L-espressjoni Square Bracket hija parti mit-tqabbil tal-mudell tal-klassi tal-karattri ta' grep.
4. Analizza l-proċess tal-boot systemd.
# systemd-analyze Startup finished in 487ms (kernel) + 2.776s (initrd) + 20.229s (userspace) = 23.493s
5. Analizza l-ħin meħud minn kull proċess fil-boot.
# systemd-analyze blame 8.565s mariadb.service 7.991s webmin.service 6.095s postfix.service 4.311s httpd.service 3.926s firewalld.service 3.780s kdump.service 3.238s tuned.service 1.712s network.service 1.394s lvm2-monitor.service 1.126s systemd-logind.service ....
6. Analizza katina kritika fil-but.
# systemd-analyze critical-chain
The time after the unit is active or started is printed after the "@" character.
The time the unit takes to start is printed after the "+" character.
multi-user.target @20.222s
└─mariadb.service @11.657s +8.565s
└─network.target @11.168s
└─network.service @9.456s +1.712s
└─NetworkManager.service @8.858s +596ms
└─firewalld.service @4.931s +3.926s
└─basic.target @4.916s
└─sockets.target @4.916s
└─dbus.socket @4.916s
└─sysinit.target @4.905s
└─systemd-update-utmp.service @4.864s +39ms
└─auditd.service @4.563s +301ms
└─systemd-tmpfiles-setup.service @4.485s +69ms
└─rhel-import-state.service @4.342s +142ms
└─local-fs.target @4.324s
└─boot.mount @4.286s +31ms
└─[email \x2duuid-79f594ad\x2da332\x2d4730\x2dbb5f\x2d85d19608096
└─dev-disk-by\x2duuid-79f594ad\x2da332\x2d4730\x2dbb5f\x2d85d196080964.device @4
Importanti: Systemctl jaċċetta servizzi (.service), mount point (.mount), sockets (.socket) u apparati (.device) bħala unitajiet.
7. Elenka l-unitajiet kollha disponibbli.
# systemctl list-unit-files UNIT FILE STATE proc-sys-fs-binfmt_misc.automount static dev-hugepages.mount static dev-mqueue.mount static proc-sys-fs-binfmt_misc.mount static sys-fs-fuse-connections.mount static sys-kernel-config.mount static sys-kernel-debug.mount static tmp.mount disabled brandbot.path disabled .....
8. Elenka l-unitajiet kollha li jaħdmu.
# systemctl list-units UNIT LOAD ACTIVE SUB DESCRIPTION proc-sys-fs-binfmt_misc.automount loaded active waiting Arbitrary Executable File Formats File Syste sys-devices-pc...0-1:0:0:0-block-sr0.device loaded active plugged VBOX_CD-ROM sys-devices-pc...:00:03.0-net-enp0s3.device loaded active plugged PRO/1000 MT Desktop Adapter sys-devices-pc...00:05.0-sound-card0.device loaded active plugged 82801AA AC'97 Audio Controller sys-devices-pc...:0:0-block-sda-sda1.device loaded active plugged VBOX_HARDDISK sys-devices-pc...:0:0-block-sda-sda2.device loaded active plugged LVM PV Qzyo3l-qYaL-uRUa-Cjuk-pljo-qKtX-VgBQ8 sys-devices-pc...0-2:0:0:0-block-sda.device loaded active plugged VBOX_HARDDISK sys-devices-pl...erial8250-tty-ttyS0.device loaded active plugged /sys/devices/platform/serial8250/tty/ttyS0 sys-devices-pl...erial8250-tty-ttyS1.device loaded active plugged /sys/devices/platform/serial8250/tty/ttyS1 sys-devices-pl...erial8250-tty-ttyS2.device loaded active plugged /sys/devices/platform/serial8250/tty/ttyS2 sys-devices-pl...erial8250-tty-ttyS3.device loaded active plugged /sys/devices/platform/serial8250/tty/ttyS3 sys-devices-virtual-block-dm\x2d0.device loaded active plugged /sys/devices/virtual/block/dm-0 sys-devices-virtual-block-dm\x2d1.device loaded active plugged /sys/devices/virtual/block/dm-1 sys-module-configfs.device loaded active plugged /sys/module/configfs ...
9. Elenka l-unitajiet kollha falluti.
# systemctl --failed UNIT LOAD ACTIVE SUB DESCRIPTION kdump.service loaded failed failed Crash recovery kernel arming LOAD = Reflects whether the unit definition was properly loaded. ACTIVE = The high-level unit activation state, i.e. generalization of SUB. SUB = The low-level unit activation state, values depend on unit type. 1 loaded units listed. Pass --all to see loaded but inactive units, too. To show all installed unit files use 'systemctl list-unit-files'.
10. Iċċekkja jekk Unità (cron.service) hijiex attivata jew le?.
# systemctl is-enabled crond.service enabled
11. Iċċekkja jekk Unità jew Servizz humiex qed jaħdmu jew le?.
# systemctl status firewalld.service
firewalld.service - firewalld - dynamic firewall daemon
Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/firewalld.service; enabled)
Active: active (running) since Tue 2015-04-28 16:27:55 IST; 34min ago
Main PID: 549 (firewalld)
CGroup: /system.slice/firewalld.service
└─549 /usr/bin/python -Es /usr/sbin/firewalld --nofork --nopid
Apr 28 16:27:51 tecmint systemd[1]: Starting firewalld - dynamic firewall daemon...
Apr 28 16:27:55 tecmint systemd[1]: Started firewalld - dynamic firewall daemon.
Ikkontrolla u Immaniġġja s-Servizzi billi tuża Systemctl
12. Elenka s-servizzi kollha (inklużi dawk attivi u diżabbli).
# systemctl list-unit-files --type=service UNIT FILE STATE arp-ethers.service disabled auditd.service enabled [email disabled blk-availability.service disabled brandbot.service static collectd.service disabled console-getty.service disabled console-shell.service disabled cpupower.service disabled crond.service enabled dbus-org.fedoraproject.FirewallD1.service enabled ....
13. Kif nibda, nibda mill-ġdid, nieqaf, nerġa' tagħbija u niċċekkja l-istatus ta' servizz (httpd.service) fil-Linux.
# systemctl start httpd.service
# systemctl restart httpd.service
# systemctl stop httpd.service
# systemctl reload httpd.service
# systemctl status httpd.service
httpd.service - The Apache HTTP Server
Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/httpd.service; enabled)
Active: active (running) since Tue 2015-04-28 17:21:30 IST; 6s ago
Process: 2876 ExecStop=/bin/kill -WINCH ${MAINPID} (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
Main PID: 2881 (httpd)
Status: "Processing requests..."
CGroup: /system.slice/httpd.service
├─2881 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
├─2884 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
├─2885 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
├─2886 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
├─2887 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
└─2888 /usr/sbin/httpd -DFOREGROUND
Apr 28 17:21:30 tecmint systemd[1]: Starting The Apache HTTP Server...
Apr 28 17:21:30 tecmint httpd[2881]: AH00558: httpd: Could not reliably determine the server's fully q...ssage
Apr 28 17:21:30 tecmint systemd[1]: Started The Apache HTTP Server.
Hint: Some lines were ellipsized, use -l to show in full.
Nota: Meta nużaw kmandi bħal startjar, startjar mill-ġdid, waqqaf u tagħbija mill-ġdid bis-systemctl, ma nġibu l-ebda output fuq it-terminal, l-uniku kmand tal-istatus jistampa l-output.
14. Kif tattiva servizz u tattiva jew tiddiżattiva servizz fil-ħin tal-ibbutjar (servizz ta' bidu awtomatiku fil-boot tas-sistema).
# systemctl is-active httpd.service # systemctl enable httpd.service # systemctl disable httpd.service
15. Kif taħbi (jagħmilha impossibbli li tibda) jew tikxef servizz (httpd.service).
# systemctl mask httpd.service ln -s '/dev/null' '/etc/systemd/system/httpd.service' # systemctl unmask httpd.service rm '/etc/systemd/system/httpd.service'
16. Kif toqtol servizz billi tuża kmand systemctl.
# systemctl kill httpd # systemctl status httpd httpd.service - The Apache HTTP Server Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/httpd.service; enabled) Active: failed (Result: exit-code) since Tue 2015-04-28 18:01:42 IST; 28min ago Main PID: 2881 (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS) Status: "Total requests: 0; Current requests/sec: 0; Current traffic: 0 B/sec" Apr 28 17:37:29 tecmint systemd[1]: httpd.service: Got notification message from PID 2881, but recepti...bled. Apr 28 17:37:29 tecmint systemd[1]: httpd.service: Got notification message from PID 2881, but recepti...bled. Apr 28 17:37:39 tecmint systemd[1]: httpd.service: Got notification message from PID 2881, but recepti...bled. Apr 28 17:37:39 tecmint systemd[1]: httpd.service: Got notification message from PID 2881, but recepti...bled. Apr 28 17:37:49 tecmint systemd[1]: httpd.service: Got notification message from PID 2881, but recepti...bled. Apr 28 17:37:49 tecmint systemd[1]: httpd.service: Got notification message from PID 2881, but recepti...bled. Apr 28 17:37:59 tecmint systemd[1]: httpd.service: Got notification message from PID 2881, but recepti...bled. Apr 28 17:37:59 tecmint systemd[1]: httpd.service: Got notification message from PID 2881, but recepti...bled. Apr 28 18:01:42 tecmint systemd[1]: httpd.service: control process exited, code=exited status=226 Apr 28 18:01:42 tecmint systemd[1]: Unit httpd.service entered failed state. Hint: Some lines were ellipsized, use -l to show in full.
Ikkontrolla u Immaniġġja l-Punti tal-Mount bl-użu ta’ Systemctl
17. Elenka l-punti kollha tal-immuntar tas-sistema.
# systemctl list-unit-files --type=mount UNIT FILE STATE dev-hugepages.mount static dev-mqueue.mount static proc-sys-fs-binfmt_misc.mount static sys-fs-fuse-connections.mount static sys-kernel-config.mount static sys-kernel-debug.mount static tmp.mount disabled
18. Kif nista' mmunta, inneħħi, nerġa' mmunta, nerġa' niċċarġja l-punti tal-immuntar tas-sistema u niċċekkja wkoll l-istatus tal-punti tal-immuntar fuq is-sistema?
# systemctl start tmp.mount
# systemctl stop tmp.mount
# systemctl restart tmp.mount
# systemctl reload tmp.mount
# systemctl status tmp.mount
tmp.mount - Temporary Directory
Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/tmp.mount; disabled)
Active: active (mounted) since Tue 2015-04-28 17:46:06 IST; 2min 48s ago
Where: /tmp
What: tmpfs
Docs: man:hier(7)
http://www.freedesktop.org/wiki/Software/systemd/APIFileSystems
Process: 3908 ExecMount=/bin/mount tmpfs /tmp -t tmpfs -o mode=1777,strictatime (code=exited, status=0/SUCCESS)
Apr 28 17:46:06 tecmint systemd[1]: Mounting Temporary Directory...
Apr 28 17:46:06 tecmint systemd[1]: tmp.mount: Directory /tmp to mount over is not empty, mounting anyway.
Apr 28 17:46:06 tecmint systemd[1]: Mounted Temporary Directory.
19. Kif tattiva, tippermetti jew tiddiżattiva punt tal-muntaġġ fil-ħin tal-ibbutjar (immuntar awtomatiku fil-boot tas-sistema).
# systemctl is-active tmp.mount # systemctl enable tmp.mount # systemctl disable tmp.mount
20. Kif taħbi (jagħmilha impossibbli li tibda) jew tikxef punt ta' muntaġġ fil-Linux.
# systemctl mask tmp.mount ln -s '/dev/null' '/etc/systemd/system/tmp.mount' # systemctl unmask tmp.mount rm '/etc/systemd/system/tmp.mount'
Ikkontrolla u Immaniġġja Sockets billi tuża Systemctl
21. Elenka s-sokits tas-sistema kollha disponibbli.
# systemctl list-unit-files --type=socket UNIT FILE STATE dbus.socket static dm-event.socket enabled lvm2-lvmetad.socket enabled rsyncd.socket disabled sshd.socket disabled syslog.socket static systemd-initctl.socket static systemd-journald.socket static systemd-shutdownd.socket static systemd-udevd-control.socket static systemd-udevd-kernel.socket static 11 unit files listed.
22. Kif nibda, nibda mill-ġdid, nieqaf, nerġa' tagħbija u niċċekkja l-istatus ta' socket (eżempju: cups.socket) fil-Linux.
# systemctl start cups.socket # systemctl restart cups.socket # systemctl stop cups.socket # systemctl reload cups.socket # systemctl status cups.socket cups.socket - CUPS Printing Service Sockets Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/cups.socket; enabled) Active: active (listening) since Tue 2015-04-28 18:10:59 IST; 8s ago Listen: /var/run/cups/cups.sock (Stream) Apr 28 18:10:59 tecmint systemd[1]: Starting CUPS Printing Service Sockets. Apr 28 18:10:59 tecmint systemd[1]: Listening on CUPS Printing Service Sockets.
23. Kif tattiva socket u tattiva jew tiddiżattiva fil-ħin tal-ibbutjar (sokit tal-bidu awtomatiku fil-boot tas-sistema).
# systemctl is-active cups.socket # systemctl enable cups.socket # systemctl disable cups.socket
24. Kif taħbi (tagħmilha impossibbli li tibda) jew tħoll sokit (cups.socket).
# systemctl mask cups.socket ln -s '/dev/null' '/etc/systemd/system/cups.socket' # systemctl unmask cups.socket rm '/etc/systemd/system/cups.socket'