10 Kmandi biex Tiġbor Informazzjoni dwar is-Sistema u l-Hardware fil-Linux
Dejjem hija prattika tajba li tkun taf il-komponenti tal-ħardwer tas-sistema Linux tiegħek qed taħdem fuqhom, dan jgħinek tittratta kwistjonijiet ta 'kompatibilità meta niġu għall-installazzjoni ta' pakketti, sewwieqa fis-sistema tiegħek billi tuża apt.
Għalhekk f'dawn il-kmandi utli li jistgħu jgħinuk biex tiġbed informazzjoni dwar is-sistema Linux tiegħek u l-komponenti tal-ħardwer.
1. Kif Ara l-Informazzjoni tas-Sistema Linux
Biex tkun taf biss l-isem tas-sistema, tista' tuża l-kmand uname mingħajr ebda swiċċ li jistampa l-informazzjoni tas-sistema jew il-kmand uname -s jistampa l-isem tal-kernel tas-sistema tiegħek.
[email ~ $ uname Linux
Biex tara l-isem tal-host tan-netwerk tiegħek, uża l-iswiċċ '-n' bil-kmand uname kif muri.
[email ~ $ uname -n linux-console.net
Biex tikseb informazzjoni dwar il-verżjoni tal-kernel, uża l-iswiċċ '-v'.
[email ~ $ uname -v #64-Ubuntu SMP Mon Sep 22 21:28:38 UTC 2014
Biex tikseb l-informazzjoni dwar ir-rilaxx tal-kernel tiegħek, uża l-iswiċċ '-r'.
[email ~ $ uname -r 3.13.0-37-generic
Biex tipprintja l-isem tal-ħardwer tal-magna tiegħek, uża s-swiċċ '-m':
[email ~ $ uname -m x86_64
Din l-informazzjoni kollha tista’ tiġi stampata f’daqqa billi tħaddem il-kmand ‘uname -a’ kif muri hawn taħt.
[email ~ $ uname -a Linux linux-console.net 3.13.0-37-generic #64-Ubuntu SMP Mon Sep 22 21:28:38 UTC 2014 x86_64 x86_64 x86_64 GNU/Linux
2. Kif Ara l-Informazzjoni dwar il-Hardware tas-Sistema Linux
Hawnhekk tista 'tuża l-għodda lshw biex tiġbor informazzjoni vasta dwar il-komponenti tal-ħardwer tiegħek bħal cpu, diski, memorja, kontrolluri USB, eċċ.
lshw hija għodda relattivament żgħira u hemm ftit għażliet li tista 'tuża magħha waqt li tesprimi l-informazzjoni. L-informazzjoni pprovduta minn lshw inġabret minn fajls /proc differenti.
Nota: Ftakar li l-kmand lshw jiġi esegwit mis-superuser (root) jew l-utent sudo.
Biex tipprintja informazzjoni dwar il-ħardwer tas-sistema Linux tiegħek, mexxi dan il-kmand.
[email ~ $ sudo lshw
linux-console.net
description: Notebook
product: 20354 (LENOVO_MT_20354_BU_idea_FM_Lenovo Z50-70)
vendor: LENOVO
version: Lenovo Z50-70
serial: 1037407803441
width: 64 bits
capabilities: smbios-2.7 dmi-2.7 vsyscall32
configuration: administrator_password=disabled boot=normal
chassis=notebook family=IDEAPAD frontpanel_password=disabled
keyboard_password=disabled power-on_password=disabled
sku=LENOVO_MT_20354_BU_idea_FM_Lenovo Z50-70
uuid=E4B1D229-D237-E411-9F6E-28D244EBBD98
*-core
description: Motherboard
product: Lancer 5A5
vendor: LENOVO
physical id: 0
version: 31900059WIN
serial: YB06377069
slot: Type2 - Board Chassis Location
*-firmware
description: BIOS
vendor: LENOVO
physical id: 0
version: 9BCN26WW
date: 07/31/2014
size: 128KiB
capacity: 4032KiB
capabilities: pci upgrade shadowing cdboot bootselect edd
int13floppytoshiba int13floppy360 int13floppy1200 int13floppy720
int13floppy2880 int9keyboard int10video acpi usb biosbootspecification uefi
......
Tista' tipprintja sommarju tal-informazzjoni tal-ħardwer tiegħek billi tuża l-għażla -short.
[email ~ $ sudo lshw -short
H/W path Device Class Description
=====================================================
system 20354 (LENOVO_MT_20354_
BU_idea_FM_Lenovo Z50-70)
/0 bus Lancer 5A5
/0/0 memory 128KiB BIOS
/0/4 processor Intel(R) Core(TM) i5-4210U
CPU @ 1.70GHz
/0/4/b memory 32KiB L1 cache
/0/4/c memory 256KiB L2 cache
/0/4/d memory 3MiB L3 cache
/0/a memory 32KiB L1 cache
/0/12 memory 8GiB System Memory
/0/12/0 memory DIMM [empty]
/0/12/1 memory DIMM [empty]
/0/12/2 memory 8GiB SODIMM DDR3 Synchronous
1600 MHz (0.6 ns)
/0/12/3 memory DIMM [empty]
/0/100 bridge Haswell-ULT DRAM Controller
/0/100/2 display Haswell-ULT Integrated
Graphics Controller
/0/100/3 multimedia Haswell-ULT HD Audio Controller
...
Jekk tixtieq tiġġenera output bħala fajl html, tista' tuża l-għażla -html.
[email ecmint ~ $ sudo lshw -html > lshw.html
3. Kif Ara l-Informazzjoni tas-CPU Linux
Biex tara informazzjoni dwar is-CPU tiegħek, uża l-kmand lscpu peress li juri informazzjoni dwar l-arkitettura tas-CPU tiegħek bħal għadd ta’ CPUs, cores, mudell tal-familja CPU, caches CPU, ħjut, eċċ minn sysfs u /proc/cpuinfo.
[email ~ $ lscpu Architecture: x86_64 CPU op-mode(s): 32-bit, 64-bit Byte Order: Little Endian CPU(s): 4 On-line CPU(s) list: 0-3 Thread(s) per core: 2 Core(s) per socket: 2 Socket(s): 1 NUMA node(s): 1 Vendor ID: GenuineIntel CPU family: 6 Model: 69 Stepping: 1 CPU MHz: 768.000 BogoMIPS: 4788.72 Virtualization: VT-x L1d cache: 32K L1i cache: 32K L2 cache: 256K L3 cache: 3072K NUMA node0 CPU(s): 0-3
4. Kif Tiġbor Informazzjoni dwar l-Apparat tal-Blokk tal-Linux
L-apparati tal-blokki huma tagħmir tal-ħażna bħal hard disks, flash drives, eċċ. Il-kmand lsblk jintuża biex jirrapporta informazzjoni dwar apparati tal-blokki kif ġej.
[email ~ $ lsblk NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT sda 8:0 0 931.5G 0 disk ├─sda1 8:1 0 1000M 0 part ├─sda2 8:2 0 260M 0 part /boot/efi ├─sda3 8:3 0 1000M 0 part ├─sda4 8:4 0 128M 0 part ├─sda5 8:5 0 557.1G 0 part ├─sda6 8:6 0 25G 0 part ├─sda7 8:7 0 14.7G 0 part ├─sda8 8:8 0 1M 0 part ├─sda9 8:9 0 324.5G 0 part / └─sda10 8:10 0 7.9G 0 part [SWAP] sr0 11:0 1 1024M 0 rom
Jekk trid tara l-apparati kollha tal-blokk fis-sistema tiegħek imbagħad inkludi l-għażla -a.
[email ~ $ lsblk -a NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT sda 8:0 0 931.5G 0 disk ├─sda1 8:1 0 1000M 0 part ├─sda2 8:2 0 260M 0 part /boot/efi ├─sda3 8:3 0 1000M 0 part ├─sda4 8:4 0 128M 0 part ├─sda5 8:5 0 557.1G 0 part ├─sda6 8:6 0 25G 0 part ├─sda7 8:7 0 14.7G 0 part ├─sda8 8:8 0 1M 0 part ├─sda9 8:9 0 324.5G 0 part / └─sda10 8:10 0 7.9G 0 part [SWAP] sdb 8:16 1 0 disk sr0 11:0 1 1024M 0 rom ram0 1:0 0 64M 0 disk ram1 1:1 0 64M 0 disk ram2 1:2 0 64M 0 disk ram3 1:3 0 64M 0 disk ram4 1:4 0 64M 0 disk ram5 1:5 0 64M 0 disk ram6 1:6 0 64M 0 disk ram7 1:7 0 64M 0 disk ram8 1:8 0 64M 0 disk ram9 1:9 0 64M 0 disk loop0 7:0 0 0 loop loop1 7:1 0 0 loop loop2 7:2 0 0 loop loop3 7:3 0 0 loop loop4 7:4 0 0 loop loop5 7:5 0 0 loop loop6 7:6 0 0 loop loop7 7:7 0 0 loop ram10 1:10 0 64M 0 disk ram11 1:11 0 64M 0 disk ram12 1:12 0 64M 0 disk ram13 1:13 0 64M 0 disk ram14 1:14 0 64M 0 disk ram15 1:15 0 64M 0 disk
5. Kif Stampa l-Informazzjoni tal-Kontrolluri tal-USB
Il-kmand lsusb jintuża biex jirrapporta informazzjoni dwar kontrolluri USB u l-apparati kollha li huma konnessi magħhom.
[email ~ $ lsusb Bus 001 Device 002: ID 8087:8000 Intel Corp. Bus 001 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0002 Linux Foundation 2.0 root hub Bus 003 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0003 Linux Foundation 3.0 root hub Bus 002 Device 005: ID 0bda:b728 Realtek Semiconductor Corp. Bus 002 Device 004: ID 5986:0249 Acer, Inc Bus 002 Device 003: ID 0bda:0129 Realtek Semiconductor Corp. RTS5129 Card Reader Controller Bus 002 Device 002: ID 045e:00cb Microsoft Corp. Basic Optical Mouse v2.0 Bus 002 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0002 Linux Foundation 2.0 root hub
Tista 'tuża l-għażla -v biex tiġġenera informazzjoni dettaljata dwar kull mezz USB.
[email ~ $ lsusb -v
6. Kif Tipprintja l-Informazzjoni dwar it-Tagħmir PCI
L-apparati PCI jistgħu jinkludu portijiet USB, karti grafiċi, adapters tan-netwerk, eċċ. L-għodda lspci tintuża biex tiġġenera informazzjoni dwar il-kontrolluri PCI kollha fis-sistema tiegħek flimkien mal-apparati li huma konnessi magħhom.
Biex tipprintja informazzjoni dwar tagħmir PCI ħaddem il-kmand li ġej.
[email ~ $ lspci 00:00.0 Host bridge: Intel Corporation Haswell-ULT DRAM Controller (rev 0b) 00:02.0 VGA compatible controller: Intel Corporation Haswell-ULT Integrated Graphics Controller (rev 0b) 00:03.0 Audio device: Intel Corporation Haswell-ULT HD Audio Controller (rev 0b) 00:14.0 USB controller: Intel Corporation Lynx Point-LP USB xHCI HC (rev 04) 00:16.0 Communication controller: Intel Corporation Lynx Point-LP HECI #0 (rev 04) 00:1b.0 Audio device: Intel Corporation Lynx Point-LP HD Audio Controller (rev 04) 00:1c.0 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation Lynx Point-LP PCI Express Root Port 3 (rev e4) 00:1c.3 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation Lynx Point-LP PCI Express Root Port 4 (rev e4) 00:1c.4 PCI bridge: Intel Corporation Lynx Point-LP PCI Express Root Port 5 (rev e4) 00:1d.0 USB controller: Intel Corporation Lynx Point-LP USB EHCI #1 (rev 04) 00:1f.0 ISA bridge: Intel Corporation Lynx Point-LP LPC Controller (rev 04) 00:1f.2 SATA controller: Intel Corporation Lynx Point-LP SATA Controller 1 [AHCI mode] (rev 04) 00:1f.3 SMBus: Intel Corporation Lynx Point-LP SMBus Controller (rev 04) 01:00.0 Ethernet controller: Realtek Semiconductor Co., Ltd. RTL8111/8168/8411 PCI Express Gigabit Ethernet Controller (rev 10) 02:00.0 Network controller: Realtek Semiconductor Co., Ltd. RTL8723BE PCIe Wireless Network Adapter 03:00.0 3D controller: NVIDIA Corporation GM108M [GeForce 840M] (rev a2)
Uża l-għażla -t biex tipproduċi output f'format ta' siġra.
[email ~ $ lspci -t
-[0000:00]-+-00.0
+-02.0
+-03.0
+-14.0
+-16.0
+-1b.0
+-1c.0-[01]----00.0
+-1c.3-[02]----00.0
+-1c.4-[03]----00.0
+-1d.0
+-1f.0
+-1f.2
\-1f.3
Uża l-għażla -v biex tipproduċi informazzjoni dettaljata dwar kull apparat konness.
[email ~ $ lspci -v 00:00.0 Host bridge: Intel Corporation Haswell-ULT DRAM Controller (rev 0b) Subsystem: Lenovo Device 3978 Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0 Capabilities: 00:02.0 VGA compatible controller: Intel Corporation Haswell-ULT Integrated Graphics Controller (rev 0b) (prog-if 00 [VGA controller]) Subsystem: Lenovo Device 380d Flags: bus master, fast devsel, latency 0, IRQ 62 Memory at c3000000 (64-bit, non-prefetchable) [size=4M] Memory at d0000000 (64-bit, prefetchable) [size=256M] I/O ports at 6000 [size=64] Expansion ROM at [disabled] Capabilities: Kernel driver in use: i915 .....
7. Kif Tipprintja l-Informazzjoni tal-Apparati SCSI
Biex tara l-apparati scsi/sata kollha tiegħek, uża l-kmand lsscsi kif ġej. Jekk ma jkollokx l-għodda lsscsi installata, ħaddem il-kmand li ġej biex tinstallaha.
$ sudo apt-get install lsscsi [on Debian derivatives] # yum install lsscsi [On RedHat based systems] # dnf install lsscsi [On Fedora 21+ Onwards]
Wara l-installazzjoni, mexxi l-kmand lsscsi kif muri:
[email ~ $ lsscsi [0:0:0:0] disk ATA ST1000LM024 HN-M 2BA3 /dev/sda [1:0:0:0] cd/dvd PLDS DVD-RW DA8A5SH RL61 /dev/sr0 [4:0:0:0] disk Generic- xD/SD/M.S. 1.00 /dev/sdb
Uża l-għażla -s biex turi d-daqsijiet tal-apparat.
[email ~ $ lsscsi -s [0:0:0:0] disk ATA ST1000LM024 HN-M 2BA3 /dev/sda 1.00TB [1:0:0:0] cd/dvd PLDS DVD-RW DA8A5SH RL61 /dev/sr0 - [4:0:0:0] disk Generic- xD/SD/M.S. 1.00 /dev/sdb -
8. Kif Tipprintja Informazzjoni dwar Apparati SATA
Tista 'ssib xi informazzjoni dwar apparati sata fis-sistema tiegħek kif ġej billi tuża l-utilità hdparm. Fl-eżempju hawn taħt, użajt l-apparat tal-blokk /dev/sda1 li huwa l-hard disk fis-sistema tiegħi.
[email ~ $ sudo hdparm /dev/sda1 /dev/sda1: multcount = 0 (off) IO_support = 1 (32-bit) readonly = 0 (off) readahead = 256 (on) geometry = 56065/255/63, sectors = 2048000, start = 2048
Biex tipprintja informazzjoni dwar il-ġeometrija tal-apparat f'termini ta 'ċilindri, irjus, setturi, daqs, u l-offset tal-bidu tal-apparat, uża l-għażla -g.
[email ~ $ sudo hdparm -g /dev/sda1 /dev/sda1: geometry = 56065/255/63, sectors = 2048000, start = 2048
9. Kif Tiċċekkja l-Informazzjoni tas-Sistema tal-Fajl Linux
Biex tiġbor informazzjoni dwar diviżorji tas-sistema tal-fajls, tista 'tuża l-diviżorji tas-sistema tal-fajls tal-modifika, tista' tintuża wkoll biex tara informazzjoni dwar il-ħitan differenti fis-sistema tal-fajls tiegħek.
Tista 'tipprintja l-informazzjoni tal-partizzjoni kif ġej. Ftakar li tmexxi l-kmand bħala superuser jew inkella tista' ma tara l-ebda output.
[email ~ $ sudo fdisk -l WARNING: GPT (GUID Partition Table) detected on '/dev/sda'! The util fdisk doesn't support GPT. Use GNU Parted. Disk /dev/sda: 1000.2 GB, 1000204886016 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 121601 cylinders, total 1953525168 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 4096 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 4096 bytes / 4096 bytes Disk identifier: 0xcee8ad92 Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/sda1 1 1953525167 976762583+ ee GPT Partition 1 does not start on physical sector boundary.
10. Kif Tiċċekkja l-Informazzjoni tal-Komponenti tal-Hardware tal-Linux
Tista 'wkoll tuża l-utilità dmidecode biex tiġbed l-informazzjoni tal-ħardwer billi taqra dejta mit-tabelli DMI.
Biex tipprintja informazzjoni dwar il-memorja, mexxi dan il-kmand bħala superuser.
[email ~ $ sudo dmidecode -t memory # dmidecode 2.12 # SMBIOS entry point at 0xaaebef98 SMBIOS 2.7 present. Handle 0x0005, DMI type 5, 24 bytes Memory Controller Information Error Detecting Method: None Error Correcting Capabilities: None Supported Interleave: One-way Interleave Current Interleave: One-way Interleave Maximum Memory Module Size: 8192 MB Maximum Total Memory Size: 32768 MB Supported Speeds: Other Supported Memory Types: Other Memory Module Voltage: Unknown Associated Memory Slots: 4 0x0006 0x0007 0x0008 0x0009 Enabled Error Correcting Capabilities: None ...
Biex tipprintja informazzjoni dwar is-sistema, mexxi dan il-kmand.
[email ~ $ sudo dmidecode -t system # dmidecode 2.12 # SMBIOS entry point at 0xaaebef98 SMBIOS 2.7 present. Handle 0x0001, DMI type 1, 27 bytes System Information Manufacturer: LENOVO Product Name: 20354 Version: Lenovo Z50-70 Serial Number: 1037407803441 UUID: 29D2B1E4-37D2-11E4-9F6E-28D244EBBD98 Wake-up Type: Power Switch SKU Number: LENOVO_MT_20354_BU_idea_FM_Lenovo Z50-70 Family: IDEAPAD ...
Biex tipprintja informazzjoni dwar il-BIOS, mexxi dan il-kmand.
[email ~ $ sudo dmidecode -t bios # dmidecode 2.12 # SMBIOS entry point at 0xaaebef98 SMBIOS 2.7 present. Handle 0x0000, DMI type 0, 24 bytes BIOS Information Vendor: LENOVO Version: 9BCN26WW Release Date: 07/31/2014 Address: 0xE0000 Runtime Size: 128 kB ROM Size: 4096 kB Characteristics: PCI is supported BIOS is upgradeable BIOS shadowing is allowed Boot from CD is supported Selectable boot is supported EDD is supported Japanese floppy for NEC 9800 1.2 MB is supported (int 13h) Japanese floppy for Toshiba 1.2 MB is supported (int 13h) 5.25"/360 kB floppy services are supported (int 13h) 5.25"/1.2 MB floppy services are supported (int 13h) 3.5"/720 kB floppy services are supported (int 13h) 3.5"/2.88 MB floppy services are supported (int 13h) 8042 keyboard services are supported (int 9h) CGA/mono video services are supported (int 10h) ACPI is supported USB legacy is supported BIOS boot specification is supported Targeted content distribution is supported UEFI is supported BIOS Revision: 0.26 Firmware Revision: 0.26 ...
Biex tipprintja informazzjoni dwar il-proċessur, mexxi dan il-kmand.
[email ~ $ sudo dmidecode -t processor # dmidecode 2.12 # SMBIOS entry point at 0xaaebef98 SMBIOS 2.7 present. Handle 0x0004, DMI type 4, 42 bytes Processor Information Socket Designation: U3E1 Type: Central Processor Family: Core i5 Manufacturer: Intel(R) Corporation ID: 51 06 04 00 FF FB EB BF Signature: Type 0, Family 6, Model 69, Stepping 1 Flags: ...
Sommarju
Hemm ħafna modi oħra li tista' tuża biex tikseb informazzjoni dwar il-komponenti tal-ħardwer tas-sistema tiegħek. Ħafna minn dawn il-kmandi jużaw fajls fid-direttorju/proc biex tiġi estratta l-informazzjoni tas-sistema.
Nittama li ssib dawn il-pariri u tricks utli u ftakar li tpoġġi kumment f'każ li trid iżżid aktar informazzjoni ma' dan jew jekk tiffaċċja xi diffikultajiet biex tuża xi kmandi. Ftakar li dejjem tibqa' konnessa ma' Tecmint.