20 Kmand Netstat għall-Ġestjoni tan-Netwerk Linux
netstat (statistika tan-netwerk) hija għodda tal-linja tal-kmand għall-monitoraġġ tal-konnessjonijiet tan-netwerk kemm deħlin kif ukoll ħerġin kif ukoll biex tara tabelli tar-rotot, statistika tal-interface, eċċ.
[ Tista' wkoll tixtieq: 22 Kmand ta' Netwerking Linux għal Sysadmin ]
netstat huwa disponibbli fuq is-Sistemi Operattivi kollha bħal Unix u disponibbli wkoll fuq Windows OS ukoll. Huwa utli ħafna f'termini ta 'soluzzjoni ta' problemi tan-netwerk u kejl tal-prestazzjoni.
netstat huwa wieħed mill-aktar għodod bażiċi ta' debugging tas-servizz tan-netwerk, li jgħidlek tisma' fuq il-portijiet.
L-għodda netstat hija importanti ħafna u utli ħafna għall-amministraturi tan-netwerk Linux kif ukoll għall-amministraturi tas-sistema biex jimmonitorjaw u jsolvu l-problemi tagħhom relatati man-netwerk u jiddeterminaw il-prestazzjoni tat-traffiku tan-netwerk.
Dan l-artikolu juri użi tal-kmand netstat bl-eżempji tagħhom li jistgħu jkunu utli fit-tħaddim ta 'kuljum.
[ Tista 'tħobb ukoll: 35 Eżempji Prattiċi ta' Linux Sib Kmand ]
Elenkar tal-portijiet kollha (kemm TCP kif ukoll UDP) bl-użu ta 'netstat -a għażla.
# netstat -a | more Active Internet connections (servers and established) Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State tcp 0 0 *:sunrpc *:* LISTEN tcp 0 52 192.168.0.2:ssh 192.168.0.1:egs ESTABLISHED tcp 1 0 192.168.0.2:59292 www.gov.com:http CLOSE_WAIT tcp 0 0 localhost:smtp *:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 *:59482 *:* LISTEN udp 0 0 *:35036 *:* udp 0 0 *:npmp-local *:* Active UNIX domain sockets (servers and established) Proto RefCnt Flags Type State I-Node Path unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 16972 /tmp/orbit-root/linc-76b-0-6fa08790553d6 unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 17149 /tmp/orbit-root/linc-794-0-7058d584166d2 unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 17161 /tmp/orbit-root/linc-792-0-546fe905321cc unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 15938 /tmp/orbit-root/linc-74b-0-415135cb6aeab
Li telenka biss konnessjonijiet tal-port TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) bl-użu ta' netstat -at.
# netstat -at Active Internet connections (servers and established) Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State tcp 0 0 *:ssh *:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 localhost:ipp *:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 localhost:smtp *:* LISTEN tcp 0 52 192.168.0.2:ssh 192.168.0.1:egs ESTABLISHED tcp 1 0 192.168.0.2:59292 www.gov.com:http CLOSE_WAIT
Li telenka biss konnessjonijiet tal-port UDP (User Datagram Protocol) bl-użu ta' netstat -au.
# netstat -au Active Internet connections (servers and established) Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State udp 0 0 *:35036 *:* udp 0 0 *:npmp-local *:* udp 0 0 *:mdns *:*
Elenkar tal-konnessjonijiet tal-portijiet tas-smigħ attivi kollha b'netstat -l.
# netstat -l Active Internet connections (only servers) Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State tcp 0 0 *:sunrpc *:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 *:58642 *:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 *:ssh *:* LISTEN udp 0 0 *:35036 *:* udp 0 0 *:npmp-local *:* Active UNIX domain sockets (only servers) Proto RefCnt Flags Type State I-Node Path unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 16972 /tmp/orbit-root/linc-76b-0-6fa08790553d6 unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 17149 /tmp/orbit-root/linc-794-0-7058d584166d2 unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 17161 /tmp/orbit-root/linc-792-0-546fe905321cc unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 15938 /tmp/orbit-root/linc-74b-0-415135cb6aeab
Elenkar tal-portijiet TCP tas-smigħ attiv kollha billi tuża l-għażla netstat -lt.
# netstat -lt Active Internet connections (only servers) Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State tcp 0 0 *:dctp *:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 *:mysql *:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 *:sunrpc *:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 *:munin *:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 *:ftp *:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 localhost.localdomain:ipp *:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 localhost.localdomain:smtp *:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 *:http *:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 *:ssh *:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 *:https *:* LISTEN
Elenkar tal-portijiet UDP tas-smigħ attiv kollha billi tuża l-għażla netstat -lu.
# netstat -lu Active Internet connections (only servers) Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State udp 0 0 *:39578 *:* udp 0 0 *:meregister *:* udp 0 0 *:vpps-qua *:* udp 0 0 *:openvpn *:* udp 0 0 *:mdns *:* udp 0 0 *:sunrpc *:* udp 0 0 *:ipp *:* udp 0 0 *:60222 *:* udp 0 0 *:mdns *:*
Elenkar tal-portijiet tas-smigħ UNIX attivi kollha bl-użu ta' netstat -lx.
# netstat -lx Active UNIX domain sockets (only servers) Proto RefCnt Flags Type State I-Node Path unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 4171 @ISCSIADM_ABSTRACT_NAMESPACE unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 5767 /var/run/cups/cups.sock unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 7082 @/tmp/fam-root- unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 6157 /dev/gpmctl unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 6215 @/var/run/hald/dbus-IcefTIUkHm unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 6038 /tmp/.font-unix/fs7100 unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 6175 /var/run/avahi-daemon/socket unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 4157 @ISCSID_UIP_ABSTRACT_NAMESPACE unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 60835836 /var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 4645 /var/run/audispd_events unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 5136 /var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 6216 @/var/run/hald/dbus-wsUBI30V2I unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 5517 /var/run/acpid.socket unix 2 [ ACC ] STREAM LISTENING 5531 /var/run/pcscd.comm
Juri l-istatistika skond il-protokoll. B'mod awtomatiku, l-istatistika tintwera għall-protokolli TCP, UDP, ICMP, u IP. Il-parametru -s jista 'jintuża biex jispeċifika sett ta' protokolli.
# netstat -s Ip: 2461 total packets received 0 forwarded 0 incoming packets discarded 2431 incoming packets delivered 2049 requests sent out Icmp: 0 ICMP messages received 0 input ICMP message failed. ICMP input histogram: 1 ICMP messages sent 0 ICMP messages failed ICMP output histogram: destination unreachable: 1 Tcp: 159 active connections openings 1 passive connection openings 4 failed connection attempts 0 connection resets received 1 connections established 2191 segments received 1745 segments send out 24 segments retransmited 0 bad segments received. 4 resets sent Udp: 243 packets received 1 packets to unknown port received. 0 packet receive errors 281 packets sent
Li turi l-istatistika tal-protokoll TCP biss billi tuża l-għażla netstat -st.
# netstat -st Tcp: 2805201 active connections openings 1597466 passive connection openings 1522484 failed connection attempts 37806 connection resets received 1 connections established 57718706 segments received 64280042 segments send out 3135688 segments retransmited 74 bad segments received. 17580 resets sent
# netstat -su Udp: 1774823 packets received 901848 packets to unknown port received. 0 packet receive errors 2968722 packets sent
Il-wiri tal-isem tas-servizz bin-numru tal-PID tagħhom, bl-użu tal-għażla netstat -tp se juri PID/Isem tal-Programm.
# netstat -tp Active Internet connections (w/o servers) Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State PID/Program name tcp 0 0 192.168.0.2:ssh 192.168.0.1:egs ESTABLISHED 2179/sshd tcp 1 0 192.168.0.2:59292 www.gov.com:http CLOSE_WAIT 1939/clock-applet
Il-wiri tal-modalità Promiscuous bi swiċċ -ac, netstat jistampa l-informazzjoni magħżula jew aġġorna l-iskrin kull ħames sekondi. L-iskrin default jġedded kull sekonda.
# netstat -ac 5 | grep tcp tcp 0 0 *:sunrpc *:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 *:58642 *:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 *:ssh *:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 localhost:ipp *:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 localhost:smtp *:* LISTEN tcp 1 0 192.168.0.2:59447 www.gov.com:http CLOSE_WAIT tcp 0 52 192.168.0.2:ssh 192.168.0.1:egs ESTABLISHED tcp 0 0 *:sunrpc *:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 *:ssh *:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 localhost:ipp *:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 localhost:smtp *:* LISTEN tcp 0 0 *:59482 *:* LISTEN
Uri tabella tar-routing tal-IP tal-kernel b'netstat u kmand tar-rotta.
# netstat -r Kernel IP routing table Destination Gateway Genmask Flags MSS Window irtt Iface 192.168.0.0 * 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 eth0 link-local * 255.255.0.0 U 0 0 0 eth0 default 192.168.0.1 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 eth0
Li juru transazzjonijiet ta 'pakketti ta' interface tan-netwerk inklużi kemm it-trasferiment kif ukoll ir-riċeviment ta 'pakketti b'daqs MTU.
# netstat -i Kernel Interface table Iface MTU Met RX-OK RX-ERR RX-DRP RX-OVR TX-OK TX-ERR TX-DRP TX-OVR Flg eth0 1500 0 4459 0 0 0 4057 0 0 0 BMRU lo 16436 0 8 0 0 0 8 0 0 0 LRU
Li turi tabella tal-interface tal-kernel, simili għall-kmand ifconfig.
# netstat -ie Kernel Interface table eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:0C:29:B4:DA:21 inet addr:192.168.0.2 Bcast:192.168.0.255 Mask:255.255.255.0 inet6 addr: fe80::20c:29ff:feb4:da21/64 Scope:Link UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1 RX packets:4486 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:4077 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 RX bytes:2720253 (2.5 MiB) TX bytes:1161745 (1.1 MiB) Interrupt:18 Base address:0x2000 lo Link encap:Local Loopback inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0 inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:16436 Metric:1 RX packets:8 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 TX packets:8 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 RX bytes:480 (480.0 b) TX bytes:480 (480.0 b)
Juri informazzjoni dwar is-sħubija tal-grupp multicast kemm għall-IPv4 kif ukoll għall-IPv6.
# netstat -g IPv6/IPv4 Group Memberships Interface RefCnt Group --------------- ------ --------------------- lo 1 all-systems.mcast.net eth0 1 224.0.0.251 eth0 1 all-systems.mcast.net lo 1 ff02::1 eth0 1 ff02::202 eth0 1 ff02::1:ffb4:da21 eth0 1 ff02::1
Biex tikseb informazzjoni netstat kull ftit sekondi, imbagħad uża l-kmand li ġej, se tipprintja informazzjoni netstat kontinwament, jiġifieri kull ftit sekondi.
# netstat -c Active Internet connections (w/o servers) Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address Foreign Address State tcp 0 0 linux-console.net:http sg2nlhg007.shr.prod.s:36944 TIME_WAIT tcp 0 0 linux-console.net:http sg2nlhg010.shr.prod.s:42110 TIME_WAIT tcp 0 132 linux-console.net:ssh 115.113.134.3.static-:64662 ESTABLISHED tcp 0 0 linux-console.net:http crawl-66-249-71-240.g:41166 TIME_WAIT tcp 0 0 localhost.localdomain:54823 localhost.localdomain:smtp TIME_WAIT tcp 0 0 localhost.localdomain:54822 localhost.localdomain:smtp TIME_WAIT tcp 0 0 linux-console.net:http sg2nlhg010.shr.prod.s:42091 TIME_WAIT tcp 0 0 linux-console.net:http sg2nlhg007.shr.prod.s:36998 TIME_WAIT
Tfittxija familji ta 'indirizzi mhux konfigurati b'xi informazzjoni utli.
# netstat --verbose netstat: no support for `AF IPX' on this system. netstat: no support for `AF AX25' on this system. netstat: no support for `AF X25' on this system. netstat: no support for `AF NETROM' on this system.
Skopri kemm programmi ta' smigħ jaħdmu fuq port.
# netstat -ap | grep http tcp 0 0 *:http *:* LISTEN 9056/httpd tcp 0 0 *:https *:* LISTEN 9056/httpd tcp 0 0 linux-console.net:http sg2nlhg008.shr.prod.s:35248 TIME_WAIT - tcp 0 0 linux-console.net:http sg2nlhg007.shr.prod.s:57783 TIME_WAIT - tcp 0 0 linux-console.net:http sg2nlhg007.shr.prod.s:57769 TIME_WAIT - tcp 0 0 linux-console.net:http sg2nlhg008.shr.prod.s:35270 TIME_WAIT - tcp 0 0 linux-console.net:http sg2nlhg009.shr.prod.s:41637 TIME_WAIT - tcp 0 0 linux-console.net:http sg2nlhg009.shr.prod.s:41614 TIME_WAIT - unix 2 [ ] STREAM CONNECTED 88586726 10394/httpd
# netstat --statistics --raw Ip: 62175683 total packets received 52970 with invalid addresses 0 forwarded Icmp: 875519 ICMP messages received destination unreachable: 901671 echo request: 8 echo replies: 16253 IcmpMsg: InType0: 83 IpExt: InMcastPkts: 117
Dak hu, Jekk qed tfittex aktar informazzjoni u għażliet dwar il-kmand netstat, irreferi għad-dokumenti manwali netstat jew uża l-kmand man netstat biex tkun taf l-informazzjoni kollha.
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