15 Eżempji Bażiċi tal-Kmand ls għal Jibdew Linux
ls kmand huwa wieħed mill-kmandi l-aktar użati ta 'spiss fil-Linux. Nemmen li l-kmand ls huwa l-ewwel kmand li tista' tuża meta tidħol fil-pront tal-kmand tal-Linux Box.
Aħna nużaw it-tricks tal-kmand ls.
[ Tista 'tħobb ukoll: 5 Għodod Utli biex Ftakar Kmandi Linux Għal Dejjem ]
F'dan l-artikolu, se nkunu qed niddiskutu l-baŜi ta 'eżempji ta' kmand ls bil-parametri kollha disponibbli fil-Linux.
Tmexxi ls kmand mingħajr fajls ta 'lista ta' għażliet u direttorji f'format vojt fejn ma nkunux nistgħu naraw dettalji bħal tipi ta 'fajls, daqs, data u ħin modifikati, permess u links, eċċ.
# ls 0001.pcap Desktop Downloads index.html install.log.syslog Pictures Templates anaconda-ks.cfg Documents fbcmd_update.php install.log Music Public Videos
Hawnhekk, ls -l (-l huwa karattru, mhux wieħed) juri fajl jew direttorju, daqs, data u ħin modifikati, isem tal-fajl jew folder u sid tal-fajl, u l-permess tiegħu.
# ls -l total 176 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 683 Aug 19 09:59 0001.pcap -rw-------. 1 root root 1586 Jul 31 02:17 anaconda-ks.cfg drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Jul 31 02:48 Desktop drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Jul 31 02:48 Documents drwxr-xr-x. 4 root root 4096 Aug 16 02:55 Downloads -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 21262 Aug 12 12:42 fbcmd_update.php -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 46701 Jul 31 09:58 index.html -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 48867 Jul 31 02:17 install.log -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 11439 Jul 31 02:13 install.log.syslog drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Jul 31 02:48 Music drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Jul 31 02:48 Pictures drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Jul 31 02:48 Public drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Jul 31 02:48 Templates drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Jul 31 02:48 Videos
Elenka l-fajls kollha inklużi fajls moħbija li jibdew b''.'.
# ls -a . .bashrc Documents .gconfd install.log .nautilus .pulse-cookie .. .cache Downloads .gnome2 install.log .netstat.swp .recently-used.xbel 0001.pcap .config .elinks .gnome2_private .kde .opera .spice-vdagent anaconda-ks.cfg .cshrc .esd_auth .gtk-bookmarks .libreoffice Pictures .tcshrc .bash_history .dbus .fbcmd .gvfs .local .pki Templates .bash_logout Desktop fbcmd_update.php .ICEauthority .mozilla Public Videos .bash_profile .digrc .gconf index.html Music .pulse .wireshark
B'kombinazzjoni ta '-lh għażla, turi daqsijiet f'format li jinqara mill-bniedem.
# ls -lh total 176K -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 683 Aug 19 09:59 0001.pcap -rw-------. 1 root root 1.6K Jul 31 02:17 anaconda-ks.cfg drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4.0K Jul 31 02:48 Desktop drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4.0K Jul 31 02:48 Documents drwxr-xr-x. 4 root root 4.0K Aug 16 02:55 Downloads -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 21K Aug 12 12:42 fbcmd_update.php -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 46K Jul 31 09:58 index.html -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 48K Jul 31 02:17 install.log -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 12K Jul 31 02:13 install.log.syslog drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4.0K Jul 31 02:48 Music drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4.0K Jul 31 02:48 Pictures drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4.0K Jul 31 02:48 Public drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4.0K Jul 31 02:48 Templates drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4.0K Jul 31 02:48 Videos
Meta tuża l-għażla -F mal-kmand ls se żżid il-karattru / fl-aħħar ta 'kull direttorju.
# ls -F 0001.pcap Desktop/ Downloads/ index.html install.log.syslog Pictures/ Templates/ anaconda-ks.cfg Documents/ fbcmd_update.php install.log Music/ Public/ Videos/
Il-kmand li ġej bl-għażla ls -r juri fajls u direttorji f'ordni inversa.
# ls -r Videos Public Music install.log fbcmd_update.php Documents anaconda-ks.cfg Templates Pictures install.log.syslog index.html Downloads Desktop 0001.pcap
ls -R għażla se telenka siġar tad-direttorju tal-lista twal ħafna. Ara eżempju tal-output tal-kmand.
# ls -R total 1384 -rw-------. 1 root root 33408 Aug 8 17:25 anaconda.log -rw-------. 1 root root 30508 Aug 8 17:25 anaconda.program.log ./httpd: total 132 -rw-r--r-- 1 root root 0 Aug 19 03:14 access_log -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 61916 Aug 10 17:55 access_log-20120812 ./lighttpd: total 68 -rw-r--r-- 1 lighttpd lighttpd 7858 Aug 21 15:26 access.log -rw-r--r--. 1 lighttpd lighttpd 37531 Aug 17 18:21 access.log-20120819 ./nginx: total 12 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 0 Aug 12 03:17 access.log -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 390 Aug 12 03:17 access.log-20120812.gz
Taħlita ta' -ltr se turi l-aħħar fajl tal-modifika jew id-data tad-direttorju bħala l-aħħar.
# ls -ltr total 176 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 11439 Jul 31 02:13 install.log.syslog -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 48867 Jul 31 02:17 install.log -rw-------. 1 root root 1586 Jul 31 02:17 anaconda-ks.cfg drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Jul 31 02:48 Desktop drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Jul 31 02:48 Videos drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Jul 31 02:48 Templates drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Jul 31 02:48 Public drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Jul 31 02:48 Pictures drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Jul 31 02:48 Music drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Jul 31 02:48 Documents -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 46701 Jul 31 09:58 index.html -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 21262 Aug 12 12:42 fbcmd_update.php drwxr-xr-x. 4 root root 4096 Aug 16 02:55 Downloads -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 683 Aug 19 09:59 0001.pcap
B'kombinazzjoni ta '-ls juri d-daqs tal-fajl fl-ordni, l-ewwel se juri daqs kbir.
# ls -lS total 176 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 48867 Jul 31 02:17 install.log -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 46701 Jul 31 09:58 index.html -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 21262 Aug 12 12:42 fbcmd_update.php -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 11439 Jul 31 02:13 install.log.syslog drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Jul 31 02:48 Desktop drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Jul 31 02:48 Documents drwxr-xr-x. 4 root root 4096 Aug 16 02:55 Downloads drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Jul 31 02:48 Music drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Jul 31 02:48 Pictures drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Jul 31 02:48 Public drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Jul 31 02:48 Templates drwxr-xr-x. 2 root root 4096 Jul 31 02:48 Videos -rw-------. 1 root root 1586 Jul 31 02:17 anaconda-ks.cfg -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 683 Aug 19 09:59 0001.pcap
Nistgħu naraw xi numri stampati qabel l-isem tal-fajl/direttorju. Bil -i għażliet lista fajl/direttorju b'numru inode.
# ls -i 20112 0001.pcap 23610 Documents 23793 index.html 23611 Music 23597 Templates 23564 anaconda-ks.cfg 23595 Downloads 22 install.log 23612 Pictures 23613 Videos 23594 Desktop 23585 fbcmd_update.php 35 install.log.syslog 23601 Public
Iċċekkja l-verżjoni tal-kmand ls.
# ls --version ls (GNU coreutils) 8.4 Copyright (C) 2010 Free Software Foundation, Inc. License GPLv3+: GNU GPL version 3 or later <http://gnu.org/licenses/gpl.html>. This is free software: you are free to change and redistribute it. There is NO WARRANTY, to the extent permitted by law. Written by Richard M. Stallman and David MacKenzie.
Il-paġna ta 'għajnuna ta' ls kmand bl-għażla tagħhom.
# ls --help Usage: ls [OPTION]... [FILE]...
Bil-fajls tal-lista tal-kmand ls -l taħt id-direttorju /tmp. Fejn bil-parametri -ld juri informazzjoni tad-direttorju /tmp.
# ls -l /tmp total 408 drwx------. 2 narad narad 4096 Aug 2 02:00 CRX_75DAF8CB7768 -r--------. 1 root root 384683 Aug 4 12:28 htop-1.0.1.tar.gz drwx------. 2 root root 4096 Aug 4 11:20 keyring-6Mfjnk drwx------. 2 root root 4096 Aug 16 01:33 keyring-pioZJr drwx------. 2 gdm gdm 4096 Aug 21 11:26 orbit-gdm drwx------. 2 root root 4096 Aug 19 08:41 pulse-gl6o4ZdxQVrX drwx------. 2 narad narad 4096 Aug 4 08:16 pulse-UDH76ExwUVoU drwx------. 2 gdm gdm 4096 Aug 21 11:26 pulse-wJtcweUCtvhn -rw-------. 1 root root 300 Aug 16 03:34 yum_save_tx-2012-08- 16-03-34LJTAa1.yumtx
# ls -ld /tmp/ drwxrwxrwt. 13 root root 4096 Aug 21 12:48 /tmp/
Biex turi l-UID u l-GID ta’ fajls u direttorji. uża l-għażla -n bil-kmand ls.
# ls -n total 36 drwxr-xr-x. 2 500 500 4096 Aug 2 01:52 Downloads drwxr-xr-x. 2 500 500 4096 Aug 2 01:52 Music drwxr-xr-x. 2 500 500 4096 Aug 2 01:52 Pictures -rw-rw-r--. 1 500 500 12 Aug 21 13:06 tmp.txt drwxr-xr-x. 2 500 500 4096 Aug 2 01:52 Videos
Għamilna alias għall-kmand ls, meta nwettqu l-kmand ls se tieħu l-għażla -l awtomatikament u turi lista twila kif issemma qabel.
# alias ls="ls -l"
Nota: Nistgħu naraw numru ta' psewdonimi disponibbli fis-sistema tiegħek bil-kmand tal-alias ta' hawn taħt u l-istess jista' jkun unalias kif muri hawn taħt l-eżempju.
# alias alias cp='cp -i' alias l.='ls -d .* --color=auto' alias ll='ls -l --color=auto' alias ls='ls --color=auto' alias mv='mv -i' alias rm='rm -i' alias which='alias | /usr/bin/which --tty-only --read-alias --show-dot --show-tilde'
Biex tneħħi alias definit qabel, uża biss il-kmand unalias.
# unalias ls
[ Tista 'tħobb ukoll: Kif Oħloq u Uża Kmand Alias fil-Linux ]
Fl-artiklu li jmiss tagħna, aħna ser nkopru aktar mistoqsijiet jew nintervistaw fuq il-kmand ls, u wkoll jekk tlifna xi ħaġa fil-lista, jekk jogħġbok aġġornana permezz tat-taqsima tal-kummenti.