13 Konfigurazzjoni tan-Netwerk Linux u Kmandi ta' Soluzzjoni ta' Problemi
Il-kompjuters huma konnessi f'netwerk biex jiskambjaw informazzjoni jew riżorsi ma' xulxin. Żewġ kompjuters jew aktar huma konnessi permezz tal-midja tan-netwerk imsejħa netwerk tal-kompjuter. Hemm numru ta 'apparat tan-netwerk jew midja huma involuti biex jiffurmaw netwerk tal-kompjuter.
Kompjuter mgħobbi b'Sistema Operattiva Linux jista 'jkun ukoll parti min-netwerk kemm jekk huwa netwerk żgħir jew kbir min-natura multitasking u multiuser tiegħu. Iż-żamma tas-sistema u n-netwerk u t-tħaddim huwa kompitu tax-xogħol tas-Sistema/Amministratur tan-Netwerk.
[ Tista' wkoll tixtieq: 22 Kmand ta' Netwerking Linux għal Sysadmin ]
F'dan l-artikolu, se nirrevedu l-konfigurazzjoni tan-netwerk użata ta 'spiss u ssolvi l-problemi fil-kmandi fil-Linux.
1. ifconfig Kmand
Il-kmand ifconfig (konfiguratur tal-interface) jintuża biex jinizjalizza interface, jassenja l-Indirizz IP għall-interface u jattiva jew jiddiżattiva interface fuq talba.
B'dan il-kmand, tista 'tara l-Indirizz IP u l-indirizz tal-Hardware/MAC tassenja lill-interface u wkoll id-daqs MTU (Unità ta' trasmissjoni massima).
# ifconfig
eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:0C:29:28:FD:4C
inet addr:192.168.50.2 Bcast:192.168.50.255 Mask:255.255.255.0
inet6 addr: fe80::20c:29ff:fe28:fd4c/64 Scope:Link
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
RX packets:6093 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:4824 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
RX bytes:6125302 (5.8 MiB) TX bytes:536966 (524.3 KiB)
Interrupt:18 Base address:0x2000
lo Link encap:Local Loopback
inet addr:127.0.0.1 Mask:255.0.0.0
inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host
UP LOOPBACK RUNNING MTU:16436 Metric:1
RX packets:8 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:8 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:0
RX bytes:480 (480.0 b) TX bytes:480 (480.0 b)ifconfig bil-kmand tal-interface (eth0) juri biss dettalji speċifiċi tal-interface bħall-Indirizz IP, l-Indirizz MAC, eċċ. bl-għażla -a se juri d-dettalji kollha tal-interface disponibbli jekk tkun diżattivata wkoll.
# ifconfig eth0
eth0 Link encap:Ethernet HWaddr 00:0C:29:28:FD:4C
inet addr:192.168.50.2 Bcast:192.168.50.255 Mask:255.255.255.0
inet6 addr: fe80::20c:29ff:fe28:fd4c/64 Scope:Link
UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST MTU:1500 Metric:1
RX packets:6119 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
TX packets:4841 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
RX bytes:6127464 (5.8 MiB) TX bytes:539648 (527.0 KiB)
Interrupt:18 Base address:0x2000Assenja ta 'Indirizz IP u Gateway għall-interface fuq il-fly. Is-setting se jitneħħa f'każ ta' reboot tas-sistema.
# ifconfig eth0 192.168.50.5 netmask 255.255.255.0
Biex nippermettu jew tiddiżattiva Interface speċifiku, nużaw il-kmand eżempju kif ġej.
# ifup eth0
# ifdown eth0
B'default id-daqs MTU huwa 1500. Nistgħu nissettjaw id-daqs MTU meħtieġ bil-kmand hawn taħt. Ibdel XXXX bid-daqs.
# ifconfig eth0 mtu XXXX
L-interface tan-netwerk irċieva biss pakketti li jappartjenu għal dak NIC partikolari. Jekk tpoġġi l-interface fil-mod promiscuous se tirċievi l-pakketti kollha. Dan huwa utli ħafna biex taqbad il-pakketti u tanalizzahom aktar tard. Għal dan, inti tista 'teħtieġ aċċess superuser.
# ifconfig eth0 - promisc
Aġġornament: Il-kmand ifconfig huwa sostitwit mill-kmand IP fil-biċċa l-kbira tad-distribuzzjonijiet moderni tal-Linux.
2. Kmand Ping
Il-kmand Ping (Packet INTERnet Groper) huwa l-aħjar mod biex tittestja l-konnettività bejn żewġ nodi. Kemm jekk huwa Netwerk ta 'Żona Lokali (LAN) jew Netwerk ta' Żona Wiesgħa (WAN).
Ping juża ICMP (Internet Control Message Protocol) biex jikkomunika ma' apparati oħra. Tista 'ping hostname jew indirizz ip billi tuża l-kmandi hawn taħt.
# ping 4.2.2.2 PING 4.2.2.2 (4.2.2.2) 56(84) bytes of data. 64 bytes from 4.2.2.2: icmp_seq=1 ttl=44 time=203 ms 64 bytes from 4.2.2.2: icmp_seq=2 ttl=44 time=201 ms 64 bytes from 4.2.2.2: icmp_seq=3 ttl=44 time=201 ms OR # ping linux-console.net PING linux-console.net (50.116.66.136) 56(84) bytes of data. 64 bytes from 50.116.66.136: icmp_seq=1 ttl=47 time=284 ms 64 bytes from 50.116.66.136: icmp_seq=2 ttl=47 time=287 ms 64 bytes from 50.116.66.136: icmp_seq=3 ttl=47 time=285 ms
Fil-kmand ping tal-Linux kompli teżegwixxi sakemm tinterrompi. Ping bl-għażla -c ħruġ wara N numru ta 'talbiet (suċċess jew żball jirrispondu).
# ping -c 5 linux-console.net PING linux-console.net (50.116.66.136) 56(84) bytes of data. 64 bytes from 50.116.66.136: icmp_seq=1 ttl=47 time=285 ms 64 bytes from 50.116.66.136: icmp_seq=2 ttl=47 time=285 ms 64 bytes from 50.116.66.136: icmp_seq=3 ttl=47 time=285 ms 64 bytes from 50.116.66.136: icmp_seq=4 ttl=47 time=285 ms 64 bytes from 50.116.66.136: icmp_seq=5 ttl=47 time=285 ms --- linux-console.net ping statistics --- 5 packets transmitted, 5 received, 0% packet loss, time 4295ms rtt min/avg/max/mdev = 285.062/285.324/285.406/0.599 ms
3. Kmand Traceroute
traceroute hija utilità ta 'soluzzjoni tal-problemi tan-netwerk li turi n-numru ta' ħops meħud biex tintlaħaq destinazzjoni jiddetermina wkoll il-pakketti li jivvjaġġaw. Hawn taħt qed intraċċaw ir-rotta għall-indirizz IP tas-server DNS globali u kapaċi jaslu fid-destinazzjoni turi wkoll il-mogħdija ta 'dak il-pakkett qed jivvjaġġa.
# traceroute 4.2.2.2 traceroute to 4.2.2.2 (4.2.2.2), 30 hops max, 60 byte packets 1 192.168.50.1 (192.168.50.1) 0.217 ms 0.624 ms 0.133 ms 2 227.18.106.27.mysipl.com (27.106.18.227) 2.343 ms 1.910 ms 1.799 ms 3 221-231-119-111.mysipl.com (111.119.231.221) 4.334 ms 4.001 ms 5.619 ms 4 10.0.0.5 (10.0.0.5) 5.386 ms 6.490 ms 6.224 ms 5 gi0-0-0.dgw1.bom2.pacific.net.in (203.123.129.25) 7.798 ms 7.614 ms 7.378 ms 6 115.113.165.49.static-mumbai.vsnl.net.in (115.113.165.49) 10.852 ms 5.389 ms 4.322 ms 7 ix-0-100.tcore1.MLV-Mumbai.as6453.net (180.87.38.5) 5.836 ms 5.590 ms 5.503 ms 8 if-9-5.tcore1.WYN-Marseille.as6453.net (80.231.217.17) 216.909 ms 198.864 ms 201.737 ms 9 if-2-2.tcore2.WYN-Marseille.as6453.net (80.231.217.2) 203.305 ms 203.141 ms 202.888 ms 10 if-5-2.tcore1.WV6-Madrid.as6453.net (80.231.200.6) 200.552 ms 202.463 ms 202.222 ms 11 if-8-2.tcore2.SV8-Highbridge.as6453.net (80.231.91.26) 205.446 ms 215.885 ms 202.867 ms 12 if-2-2.tcore1.SV8-Highbridge.as6453.net (80.231.139.2) 202.675 ms 201.540 ms 203.972 ms 13 if-6-2.tcore1.NJY-Newark.as6453.net (80.231.138.18) 203.732 ms 203.496 ms 202.951 ms 14 if-2-2.tcore2.NJY-Newark.as6453.net (66.198.70.2) 203.858 ms 203.373 ms 203.208 ms 15 66.198.111.26 (66.198.111.26) 201.093 ms 63.243.128.25 (63.243.128.25) 206.597 ms 66.198.111.26 (66.198.111.26) 204.178 ms 16 ae9.edge1.NewYork.Level3.net (4.68.62.185) 205.960 ms 205.740 ms 205.487 ms 17 vlan51.ebr1.NewYork2.Level3.net (4.69.138.222) 203.867 ms vlan52.ebr2.NewYork2.Level3.net (4.69.138.254) 202.850 ms vlan51.ebr1.NewYork2.Level3.net (4.69.138.222) 202.351 ms 18 ae-6-6.ebr2.NewYork1.Level3.net (4.69.141.21) 201.771 ms 201.185 ms 201.120 ms 19 ae-81-81.csw3.NewYork1.Level3.net (4.69.134.74) 202.407 ms 201.479 ms ae-92-92.csw4.NewYork1.Level3.net (4.69.148.46) 208.145 ms 20 ae-2-70.edge2.NewYork1.Level3.net (4.69.155.80) 200.572 ms ae-4-90.edge2.NewYork1.Level3.net (4.69.155.208) 200.402 ms ae-1-60.edge2.NewYork1.Level3.net (4.69.155.16) 203.573 ms 21 b.resolvers.Level3.net (4.2.2.2) 199.725 ms 199.190 ms 202.488 ms
4. Kmand Netstat
Il-kmand ta' Netstat (Istatistika tan-Netwerk) juri informazzjoni dwar il-konnessjoni, informazzjoni dwar it-tabella tar-routing, eċċ. Biex turi l-informazzjoni dwar it-tabella tar-rotot uża l-għażla bħala -r.
# netstat -r Kernel IP routing table Destination Gateway Genmask Flags MSS Window irtt Iface 192.168.50.0 * 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 eth0 link-local * 255.255.0.0 U 0 0 0 eth0 default 192.168.50.1 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 eth0
Għal aktar eżempji ta 'Kmand Netstat, jekk jogħġbok aqra l-artikolu preċedenti tagħna dwar 20 Eżempji ta' Kmand Netstat fil-Linux.
Aġġornament: Il-kmand netstat huwa sostitwit mill-kmand ss (statistika tas-socket) fil-biċċa l-kbira tad-distribuzzjonijiet moderni tal-Linux.
5. Ħaffer Kmand
Ħaffer (domain information groper) mistoqsija informazzjoni relatata mad-DNS bħal A Record, CNAME, MX Record, eċċ. Dan il-kmand jintuża prinċipalment biex issolvi l-problemi relatati mad-DNS mistoqsijiet.
# dig linux-console.net; <<>> DiG 9.8.2rc1-RedHat-9.8.2-0.10.rc1.el6 <<>> linux-console.net ;; global options: +cmd ;; Got answer: ;; ->>HEADER<
Għal aktar eżempji ta’ Dig Command, jekk jogħġbok aqra l-artiklu dwar 10 Linux Dig Commands to Query DNS.
6. Kmand Nslookup
Il-kmand nslookup jintuża wkoll biex issir taf mistoqsijiet relatati mad-DNS . L-eżempji li ġejjin juru Rekord A (Indirizz IP) ta’ linux-console.net.
# nslookup linux-console.net Server: 4.2.2.2 Address: 4.2.2.2#53 Non-authoritative answer: linux-console.net canonical name = linux-console.net. Name: linux-console.net Address: 50.116.66.136
Għal aktar Kmand Nslookup, aqra l-artiklu dwar 8 Eżempji ta 'Kmand Nslookup Linux.
7. Kmand tar-Rotta
kmand tar-rotta juri wkoll u jimmanipula t-tabella tar-routing ip. Biex tara t-tabella tar-rotta default fil-Linux, ikteb il-kmand li ġej.
# route Kernel IP routing table Destination Gateway Genmask Flags Metric Ref Use Iface 192.168.50.0 * 255.255.255.0 U 0 0 0 eth0 link-local * 255.255.0.0 U 1002 0 0 eth0 default 192.168.50.1 0.0.0.0 UG 0 0 0 eth0
Żieda, tħassir ta 'rotot u Gateway default bil-kmandi li ġejjin.
# route add -net 10.10.10.0/24 gw 192.168.0.1
# route del -net 10.10.10.0/24 gw 192.168.0.1
# route add default gw 192.168.0.1
8. Kmand tal-Ospitanti
kmand tal-host biex issib isem għal IP jew IP biex issemmi f'IPv4 jew IPv6 u wkoll titlob rekords DNS.
# host www.google.com www.google.com has address 173.194.38.180 www.google.com has address 173.194.38.176 www.google.com has address 173.194.38.177 www.google.com has address 173.194.38.178 www.google.com has address 173.194.38.179 www.google.com has IPv6 address 2404:6800:4003:802::1014
Bl-użu -t għażla biex issir taf Rekords tar-Riżorsi DNS bħal CNAME, NS, MX, SOA, eċċ.
# host -t CNAME www.redhat.com www.redhat.com is an alias for wildcard.redhat.com.edgekey.net.
9. Kmand Arp
ARP (Address Resolution Protocol) huwa utli biex tara/żżid il-kontenut tat-tabelli ARP tal-kernel. Biex tara t-tabella default uża l-kmand bħala.
# arp -e Address HWtype HWaddress Flags Mask Iface 192.168.50.1 ether 00:50:56:c0:00:08 C eth0
10. Kmand Ethtool
ethtool huwa sostitut għall-mii-tool. Huwa biex tara, l-issettjar tal-veloċità u duplex tal-Kard tal-Interface tan-Netwerk (NIC) tiegħek. Tista' tissettja duplex b'mod permanenti f'/etc/sysconfig/network-scripts/ifcfg-eth0 bil-varjabbli ETHTOOL_OPTS.
# ethtool eth0
Settings for eth0:
Current message level: 0x00000007 (7)
Link detected: yes11. Kmand Iwconfig
Il-kmand iwconfig fil-Linux jintuża biex jiġi kkonfigurat interface tan-netwerk mingħajr fili. Tista 'tara u tissettja d-dettalji bażiċi tal-Wi-Fi bħall-kanal SSID u l-encryption. Tista' tirreferi l-paġna man ta' iwconfig biex tkun taf aktar.
# iwconfig [interface]
12. Kmand tal-isem tal-ospitant
L-isem tal-host huwa li jiġi identifikat f'netwerk. Esegwi l-kmand tal-hostname biex tara l-hostname tal-kaxxa tiegħek. Tista' tissettja hostname b'mod permanenti f'/etc/sysconfig/network. Jeħtieġ li reboot box darba ssettja hostname xieraq.
# hostname linux-console.net
13. Għodod Nmcli u Nmtui
L-għodod Nmtui jintużaw biex jiġu kkonfigurati s-settings tan-netwerk u jintużaw ukoll biex jimmaniġġjaw tagħmir tan-netwerk, joħolqu, jimmodifikaw, jattivaw/diżattivaw, u jħassru konnessjonijiet tan-netwerk fis-sistemi Linux.
# nmcli # nmtui
Dan l-artikolu jista 'jkun utli għall-użu ta' kuljum ta 'amministraturi tan-Netwerk Linux f'sistemi operattivi Linux/Unix-like. Jekk jogħġbok aqsam permezz tal-kaxxa tal-kummenti tagħna jekk tlifna.