25 Kmandi Bażiċi Utli ta' APT-GET u APT-CACHE għall-Ġestjoni tal-Pakketti
Dan l-artikolu jispjega kemm tista 'titgħallem malajr tinstalla, tneħħi, taġġorna u tfittex pakketti tas-softwer billi tuża kmandi apt-get u apt-cache mil-linja tal-kmand. Dan l-artikolu jipprovdi xi kmandi utli li jgħinuk timmaniġġja l-ġestjoni tal-pakketti f'sistemi bbażati fuq Debian/Ubuntu.
L-utilità apt-get hija programm b'saħħtu u b'xejn tal-linja tal-kmand tal-ġestjoni tal-pakketti, li jintuża biex jaħdem mal-librerija APT (Advanced Packaging Tool) ta 'Ubuntu biex twettaq installazzjoni ta' pakketti ta 'softwer ġodda, tneħħi pakketti ta' softwer eżistenti, aġġornament ta 'pakketti ta' softwer eżistenti u anke użati biex jaġġornaw is-sistema operattiva kollha.
L-għodda tal-linja tal-kmand apt-cache tintuża għat-tiftix tal-cache tal-pakkett tas-softwer apt. Fi kliem sempliċi, din l-għodda tintuża biex tfittex pakketti tas-softwer, tiġbor informazzjoni dwar pakketti u tintuża wkoll biex tfittex liema pakketti disponibbli huma lesti għall-installazzjoni fuq sistemi bbażati fuq Debian jew Ubuntu.
1. Kif Nagħmel Lista tal-Pakketti Disponibbli kollha?
Biex telenka l-pakketti kollha disponibbli, ittajpja l-kmand li ġej.
$ apt-cache pkgnames
esseract-ocr-epo pipenightdreams mumudvb tbb-examples libsvm-java libmrpt-hmtslam0.9 libboost-timer1.50-dev kcm-touchpad g++-4.5-multilib ...
2. Kif nista' nsib l-Isem tal-Pakkett u d-Deskrizzjoni tas-Software?
Biex issir taf l-isem tal-pakkett u magħha d-deskrizzjoni qabel ma tinstalla, uża l-bandiera 'tfittxija'. L-użu ta 'tfittxija b'apt-cache se juri lista ta' pakketti mqabbla b'deskrizzjoni qasira. Ejja ngħidu li tixtieq issir taf deskrizzjoni tal-pakkett 'vsftpd', allura l-kmand ikun.
$ apt-cache search vsftpd
vsftpd - lightweight, efficient FTP server written for security ccze - A robust, modular log coloriser ftpd - File Transfer Protocol (FTP) server yasat - simple stupid audit tool
Biex issib u telenka l-pakketti kollha li jibdew b''vsftpd', tista' tuża l-kmand li ġej.
$ apt-cache pkgnames vsftpd
vsttpd
3. Kif niċċekkja l-informazzjoni tal-pakkett?
Pereżempju, jekk tixtieq tiċċekkja l-informazzjoni tal-pakkett flimkien magħha deskrizzjoni qasira ngħidu (numru tal-verżjoni, somom tal-kontroll, daqs, daqs installat, kategorija eċċ). Uża 'show' subkmand kif muri hawn taħt.
$ apt-cache show netcat
Package: netcat Priority: optional Section: universe/net Installed-Size: 30 Maintainer: Ubuntu Developers <[email > Original-Maintainer: Ruben Molina <[email > Architecture: all Version: 1.10-40 Depends: netcat-traditional (>= 1.10-39) Filename: pool/universe/n/netcat/netcat_1.10-40_all.deb Size: 3340 MD5sum: 37c303f02b260481fa4fc9fb8b2c1004 SHA1: 0371a3950d6967480985aa014fbb6fb898bcea3a SHA256: eeecb4c93f03f455d2c3f57b0a1e83b54dbeced0918ae563784e86a37bcc16c9 Description-en: TCP/IP swiss army knife -- transitional package This is a "dummy" package that depends on lenny's default version of netcat, to ease upgrades. It may be safely removed. Description-md5: 1353f8c1d079348417c2180319bdde09 Bugs: https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+filebug Origin: Ubuntu
4. Kif Niċċekkja Dipendenzi għal Pakketti Speċifiċi?
Uża s-sottokmand showpkg biex tiċċekkja d-dipendenzi għal pakketti ta 'softwer partikolari. jekk dawk il-pakketti tad-dipendenzi humiex installati jew le. Pereżempju, uża l-kmand 'showpkg' flimkien ma' l-isem tal-pakkett.
$ apt-cache showpkg vsftpd
Package: vsftpd
Versions:
2.3.5-3ubuntu1 (/var/lib/apt/lists/in.archive.ubuntu.com_ubuntu_dists_quantal_main_binary-i386_Packages)
Description Language:
File: /var/lib/apt/lists/in.archive.ubuntu.com_ubuntu_dists_quantal_main_binary-i386_Packages
MD5: 81386f72ac91a5ea48f8db0b023f3f9b
Description Language: en
File: /var/lib/apt/lists/in.archive.ubuntu.com_ubuntu_dists_quantal_main_i18n_Translation-en
MD5: 81386f72ac91a5ea48f8db0b023f3f9b
Reverse Depends:
ubumirror,vsftpd
harden-servers,vsftpd
Dependencies:
2.3.5-3ubuntu1 - debconf (18 0.5) debconf-2.0 (0 (null)) upstart-job (0 (null)) libc6 (2 2.15) libcap2 (2 2.10) libpam0g (2 0.99.7.1) libssl1.0.0 (2 1.0.0) libwrap0 (2 7.6-4~) adduser (0 (null)) libpam-modules (0 (null)) netbase (0 (null)) logrotate (0 (null)) ftp-server (0 (null)) ftp-server (0 (null))
Provides:
2.3.5-3ubuntu1 - ftp-server
Reverse Provides:5. Kif niċċekkja l-istatistika tal-Cache
Is-sottokmand stats se juri statistika ġenerali dwar il-cache. Pereżempju, il-kmand li ġej se juri Ismijiet totali ta 'pakketti huwa n-numru ta' pakketti li nstabu fil-cache.
$ apt-cache stats
Total package names: 51868 (1,037 k) Total package structures: 51868 (2,490 k) Normal packages: 39505 Pure virtual packages: 602 Single virtual packages: 3819 Mixed virtual packages: 1052 Missing: 6890 Total distinct versions: 43015 (2,753 k) Total distinct descriptions: 81048 (1,945 k) Total dependencies: 252299 (7,064 k) Total ver/file relations: 45567 (729 k) Total Desc/File relations: 81048 (1,297 k) Total Provides mappings: 8228 (165 k) Total globbed strings: 286 (3,518 ) Total dependency version space: 1,145 k Total slack space: 62.6 k Total space accounted for: 13.3 M
6. Kif Taġġorna l-Pakketti tas-Sistema
Il-kmand 'aġġornament' jintuża biex jerġgħu jiġu sinkronizzati l-fajls tal-indiċi tal-pakkett mis-sorsi tagħhom speċifikati fil-fajl /etc/apt/sources.list. Il-kmand tal-aġġornament ġab il-pakketti mill-postijiet tagħhom u aġġorna l-pakketti għal verżjoni aktar ġdida.
$ sudo apt-get update
[sudo] password for tecmint: Ign http://security.ubuntu.com quantal-security InRelease Get:1 http://security.ubuntu.com quantal-security Release.gpg [933 B] Get:2 http://security.ubuntu.com quantal-security Release [49.6 kB] Ign http://in.archive.ubuntu.com quantal InRelease Ign http://in.archive.ubuntu.com quantal-updates InRelease Get:3 http://repo.varnish-cache.org precise InRelease [13.7 kB] Ign http://in.archive.ubuntu.com quantal-backports InRelease Hit http://in.archive.ubuntu.com quantal Release.gpg Get:4 http://security.ubuntu.com quantal-security/main Sources [34.8 kB] Get:5 http://in.archive.ubuntu.com quantal-updates Release.gpg [933 B] ...
7. Kif Taġġorna l-Pakketti tas-Software
Il-kmand 'upgrade' jintuża biex jaġġorna l-pakketti tas-softwer kollha installati bħalissa fis-sistema. Taħt kwalunkwe ċirkostanza, il-pakketti installati bħalissa ma jitneħħewx jew pakketti li mhumiex diġà installati la jiġu rkuprati u installati biex jissodisfaw id-dipendenzi tal-upgrade.
$ sudo apt-get upgrade
Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done The following packages have been kept back: linux-headers-generic linux-image-generic wine1.5 wine1.5-i386 The following packages will be upgraded: activity-log-manager-common activity-log-manager-control-center adium-theme-ubuntu alacarte alsa-base app-install-data-partner appmenu-gtk appmenu-gtk3 apport apport-gtk apt apt-transport-https apt-utils aptdaemon aptdaemon-data at-spi2-core bamfdaemon base-files bind9-host ...
Madankollu, jekk trid taġġorna, mingħajr tħassib dwar jekk il-pakketti tas-softwer humiex se jiżdiedu jew jitneħħew biex jissodisfaw id-dipendenzi, uża s-subkmand 'dist-upgrade'.
$ sudo apt-get dist-upgrade
8. Kif Ninstalla jew Taġġorna Pakketti Speċifiċi?
Is-sottokmand 'installa' huwa ssorveljat minn pakkett wieħed jew aktar li jixtiequ installazzjoni jew aġġornament.
$ sudo apt-get install netcat
Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done The following extra packages will be installed: netcat-traditional The following NEW packages will be installed: netcat netcat-traditional 0 upgraded, 2 newly installed, 0 to remove and 328 not upgraded. Need to get 67.1 kB of archives. After this operation, 186 kB of additional disk space will be used. Do you want to continue [Y/n]? y Get:1 http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ quantal/universe netcat-traditional i386 1.10-40 [63.8 kB] Get:2 http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ quantal/universe netcat all 1.10-40 [3,340 B] Fetched 67.1 kB in 1s (37.5 kB/s) Selecting previously unselected package netcat-traditional. (Reading database ... 216118 files and directories currently installed.) Unpacking netcat-traditional (from .../netcat-traditional_1.10-40_i386.deb) ... Selecting previously unselected package netcat. Unpacking netcat (from .../netcat_1.10-40_all.deb) ... Processing triggers for man-db ... Setting up netcat-traditional (1.10-40) ... Setting up netcat (1.10-40) ...
9. Kif nista 'ninstalla Pakketti Multipli?
Tista 'żżid aktar minn isem ta' pakkett wieħed flimkien mal-kmand sabiex tinstalla pakketti multipli fl-istess ħin. Pereżempju, il-kmand li ġej se jinstalla pakketti 'goaccess'.
$ sudo apt-get install nethogs goaccess
Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done goaccess is already the newest version. nethogs is already the newest version. 0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 328 not upgraded.
10. Kif Tinstalla Diversi Pakketti billi tuża Wildcard
Bl-għajnuna ta 'espressjoni regolari tista' żżid diversi pakketti b'sekwenza waħda. Pereżempju, nużaw * wildcard biex ninstallaw diversi pakketti li fihom is-sekwenza '*name*', l-isem ikun 'package-name'.
$ sudo apt-get install '*name*'
11. Kif tinstalla Pakketti mingħajr Aġġornament
L-użu tal-kmand sub '-no-upgrade' jipprevjeni pakketti diġà installati milli jaġġornaw.
$ sudo apt-get install packageName --no-upgrade
Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done Skipping vsftpd, it is already installed and upgrade is not set. 0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 328 not upgraded.
12. Kif Taġġorna Pakketti Speċifiċi biss
Il-kmand ‘–only-upgrade’ ma jinstallax pakketti ġodda iżda jaġġorna biss il-pakketti diġà installati u tiddiżattiva installazzjoni ġdida ta’ pakketti.
$ sudo apt-get install packageName --only-upgrade
Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done vsftpd is already the newest version. 0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 328 not upgraded.
13. Kif Ninstalla Verżjoni tal-Pakkett Speċifiku?
Ejja ngħidu li tixtieq tinstalla biss verżjoni speċifika tal-pakketti, sempliċement uża l-'=' bl-isem tal-pakkett u ehmeż il-verżjoni mixtieqa.
$ sudo apt-get install vsftpd=2.3.5-3ubuntu1
Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done vsftpd is already the newest version. 0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 328 not upgraded.
14. Kif Nagħmel Neħħi Pakketti Mingħajr Konfigurazzjoni
Biex tneħħi l-installazzjoni tal-pakketti tas-softwer mingħajr ma tneħħi l-fajls tal-konfigurazzjoni tagħhom (biex aktar tard terġa' tuża l-istess konfigurazzjoni). Uża l-kmand 'neħħi' kif muri.
$ sudo apt-get remove vsftpd
[sudo] password for tecmint: Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done The following packages will be REMOVED: vsftpd 0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 1 to remove and 328 not upgraded. After this operation, 364 kB disk space will be freed. Do you want to continue [Y/n]? y (Reading database ... 216156 files and directories currently installed.) Removing vsftpd ... vsftpd stop/waiting Processing triggers for ureadahead ... Processing triggers for man-db ...
15. Kif Nagħmel Kompletament Neħħi Pakketti
Biex tneħħi pakketti tas-softwer inklużi l-fajls tal-konfigurazzjoni tagħhom, uża s-subkmand 'purge' kif muri hawn taħt.
$ sudo apt-get purge vsftpd
Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done The following packages will be REMOVED: vsftpd* 0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 1 to remove and 328 not upgraded. After this operation, 0 B of additional disk space will be used. Do you want to continue [Y/n]? y (Reading database ... 216107 files and directories currently installed.) Removing vsftpd ... Purging configuration files for vsftpd ... Processing triggers for ureadahead ...
Alternattivament, tista 'tgħaqqad iż-żewġ kmandi flimkien kif muri hawn taħt.
$ sudo apt-get remove --purge vsftpd
Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done The following packages will be REMOVED: vsftpd* 0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 1 to remove and 328 not upgraded. After this operation, 364 kB disk space will be freed. Do you want to continue [Y/n]? y (Reading database ... 216156 files and directories currently installed.) Removing vsftpd ... vsftpd stop/waiting Purging configuration files for vsftpd ... Processing triggers for ureadahead ... Processing triggers for man-db ...
16. Kif Nista' Naddaf l-Ispazju tad-Disk
Il-kmand nadif jintuża biex jillibera l-ispazju tad-diska billi jitnaddaf fajls .deb (pakketti) irkuprati (imniżżla) mir-repożitorju lokali.
$ sudo apt-get clean
17. Kif Niżżel Il-Kodiċi Sors biss tal-Pakkett
Biex tniżżel biss il-kodiċi tas-sors ta’ pakkett partikolari, uża l-għażla ‘–download-only source’ b’‘pakkett-isem’ kif muri.
$ sudo apt-get --download-only source vsftpd
Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done Need to get 220 kB of source archives. Get:1 http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ quantal/main vsftpd 2.3.5-3ubuntu1 (dsc) [1,883 B] Get:2 http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ quantal/main vsftpd 2.3.5-3ubuntu1 (tar) [188 kB] Get:3 http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ quantal/main vsftpd 2.3.5-3ubuntu1 (diff) [30.5 kB] Fetched 220 kB in 4s (49.1 kB/s) Download complete and in download only mode
18. Kif Nista' Niżżel u Nippakkja Pakkett
Biex tniżżel u tħoll il-kodiċi tas-sors ta' pakkett f'direttorju speċifiku, ikteb il-kmand li ġej.
$ sudo apt-get source vsftpd
Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done Need to get 220 kB of source archives. Get:1 http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ quantal/main vsftpd 2.3.5-3ubuntu1 (dsc) [1,883 B] Get:2 http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ quantal/main vsftpd 2.3.5-3ubuntu1 (tar) [188 kB] Get:3 http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ quantal/main vsftpd 2.3.5-3ubuntu1 (diff) [30.5 kB] Fetched 220 kB in 1s (112 kB/s) gpgv: Signature made Thursday 24 May 2012 02:35:09 AM IST using RSA key ID 2C48EE4E gpgv: Can't check signature: public key not found dpkg-source: warning: failed to verify signature on ./vsftpd_2.3.5-3ubuntu1.dsc dpkg-source: info: extracting vsftpd in vsftpd-2.3.5 dpkg-source: info: unpacking vsftpd_2.3.5.orig.tar.gz dpkg-source: info: unpacking vsftpd_2.3.5-3ubuntu1.debian.tar.gz dpkg-source: info: applying 01-builddefs.patch dpkg-source: info: applying 02-config.patch dpkg-source: info: applying 03-db-doc.patch dpkg-source: info: applying 04-link-local.patch dpkg-source: info: applying 05-whitespaces.patch dpkg-source: info: applying 06-greedy.patch dpkg-source: info: applying 07-utf8.patch dpkg-source: info: applying 08-manpage.patch dpkg-source: info: applying 09-s390.patch dpkg-source: info: applying 10-remote-dos.patch dpkg-source: info: applying 11-alpha.patch dpkg-source: info: applying 09-disable-anonymous.patch dpkg-source: info: applying 12-ubuntu-use-snakeoil-ssl.patch
19. Kif Nista' Niżżel, Nippakkja u Nagħmel Pakkett
Tista 'wkoll tniżżel, tħoll u tikkompila l-kodiċi tas-sors fl-istess ħin, billi tuża l-għażla '-kompila' kif muri hawn taħt.
$ sudo apt-get --compile source goaccess
[sudo] password for tecmint: Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done Need to get 130 kB of source archives. Get:1 http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ quantal/universe goaccess 1:0.5-1 (dsc) [1,120 B] Get:2 http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ quantal/universe goaccess 1:0.5-1 (tar) [127 kB] Get:3 http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ quantal/universe goaccess 1:0.5-1 (diff) [2,075 B] Fetched 130 kB in 1s (68.0 kB/s) gpgv: Signature made Tuesday 26 June 2012 09:38:24 AM IST using DSA key ID A9FD4821 gpgv: Can't check signature: public key not found dpkg-source: warning: failed to verify signature on ./goaccess_0.5-1.dsc dpkg-source: info: extracting goaccess in goaccess-0.5 dpkg-source: info: unpacking goaccess_0.5.orig.tar.gz dpkg-source: info: unpacking goaccess_0.5-1.debian.tar.gz dpkg-buildpackage: source package goaccess dpkg-buildpackage: source version 1:0.5-1 dpkg-buildpackage: source changed by Chris Taylor <[email > dpkg-buildpackage: host architecture i386 dpkg-source --before-build goaccess-0.5 dpkg-checkbuilddeps: Unmet build dependencies: debhelper (>= 9) autotools-dev libncurses5-dev libglib2.0-dev libgeoip-dev autoconf dpkg-buildpackage: warning: build dependencies/conflicts unsatisfied; aborting dpkg-buildpackage: warning: (Use -d flag to override.) ...
20. Kif Niżżel Pakkett Mingħajr Ninstalla
Billi tuża l-għażla 'download', tista' tniżżel kwalunkwe pakkett partikolari mingħajr ma tinstallah. Pereżempju, il-kmand li ġej se tniżżel biss il-pakkett 'nethogs' fid-direttorju tax-xogħol attwali.
$ sudo apt-get download nethogs
Get:1 Downloading nethogs 0.8.0-1 [27.1 kB] Fetched 27.1 kB in 3s (7,506 B/s)
21. Kif niċċekkja l-Logg tal-Bidla tal-Pakkett?
Il-bandiera 'changelog' tniżżel reġistru tal-bidliet tal-pakkett u turi l-verżjoni tal-pakkett li hija installata.
$ sudo apt-get changelog vsftpd
vsftpd (2.3.5-3ubuntu1) quantal; urgency=low
* Merge from Debian testing (LP: #1003644). Remaining changes:
+ debian/vsftpd.upstart: migrate vsftpd to upstart.
+ Add apport hook (LP: #513978):
- debian/vsftpd.apport: Added.
- debian/control: Build-depends on dh-apport.
- debian/rules: Add --with apport.
+ Add debian/watch file.
+ debian/patches/09-disable-anonymous.patch: Disable anonymous login
by default. (LP: #528860)
* debian/patches/12-ubuntu-us-snakeoil-ssl.patch: Use snakeoil SSL
certificates and key.
-- Andres Rodriguez <[email > Wed, 23 May 2012 16:59:36 -0400
...22. Kif Niċċekkja Dipendenzi miksura?
Il-kmand tal-‘iċċekkja’ huwa għodda dijanjostika. Kienet taġġorna l-cache tal-pakketti u tiċċekkja għal dipendenzi miksura.
$ sudo apt-get check
[sudo] password for tecmint: Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done
23. Kif Infittex u Nibni Dipendenzi?
Dan il-kmand 'build-dep' ifittex ir-repożitorji lokali fis-sistema u jinstalla d-dipendenzi tal-bini għall-pakkett. Jekk il-pakkett ma jeżistix fir-repożitorju lokali se jirritorna kodiċi ta 'żball.
$ sudo apt-get build-dep netcat
The following NEW packages will be installed: debhelper dh-apparmor html2text po-debconf quilt 0 upgraded, 5 newly installed, 0 to remove and 328 not upgraded. Need to get 1,219 kB of archives. After this operation, 2,592 kB of additional disk space will be used. Do you want to continue [Y/n]? y Get:1 http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ quantal/main html2text i386 1.3.2a-15build1 [91.4 kB] Get:2 http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ quantal/main po-debconf all 1.0.16+nmu2ubuntu1 [210 kB] Get:3 http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ quantal/main dh-apparmor all 2.8.0-0ubuntu5 [9,846 B] Get:4 http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ quantal/main debhelper all 9.20120608ubuntu1 [623 kB] Get:5 http://in.archive.ubuntu.com/ubuntu/ quantal/main quilt all 0.60-2 [285 kB] Fetched 1,219 kB in 4s (285 kB/s) ...
24. Kif Nista' Naddaf Awtomatikament Apt-Get Cache?
Il-kmand 'autoclean' iħassar il-fajls .deb kollha minn /var/cache/apt/archives biex jillibera volum sinifikanti ta' spazju fuq id-diska.
$ sudo apt-get autoclean
Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done
25. Kif Nista' Neħħi l-Pakketti Installati Awtomatikament?
Is-subkmand 'autoremove' jintuża biex ineħħu awtomatikament pakketti li żgur kienu installati biex jissodisfaw dipendenzi għal pakketti oħra u iżda issa ma kinux aktar meħtieġa. Pereżempju, il-kmand li ġej se jneħħi pakkett installat bid-dipendenzi tiegħu.
$ sudo apt-get autoremove vsftpd
Reading package lists... Done Building dependency tree Reading state information... Done Package 'vsftpd' is not installed, so not removed 0 upgraded, 0 newly installed, 0 to remove and 328 not upgraded.
Stajt kopriet ħafna mill-għażliet disponibbli bi kmandi apt-get u apt-cache, iżda xorta hemm aktar għażliet disponibbli, tista 'tiċċekkjahom billi tuża 'man apt-get' jew 'man apt-cache' mit-terminal. Nispera li ħadt gost taqra dan l-artiklu, Jekk tlift xi ħaġa u tixtieq li nżid mal-lista. Jekk jogħġbok tħossok liberu li ssemmi fil-kumment hawn taħt.
Aqra wkoll : 20 Kmandi Utli Linux YUM għall-Ġestjoni tal-Pakketti