20 Kmandi Avvanzati għal Esperti tal-Linux


Grazzi tal-likes, il-kliem tajjeb u l-appoġġ kollu li tajtna fl-ewwel żewġ parti ta’ dan l-artiklu. Fl-ewwel artiklu ddiskutejna kmandi għal dawk l-utenti li għadhom kif qalbu għal Linux u kellhom bżonn l-għarfien meħtieġ biex jibdew.

  1. 20 Kmandi Utli għall-Linux Newbies

Fit-tieni artiklu ddiskutejna l-kmandi li utent ta 'livell medju jeħtieġ biex jimmaniġġja s-sistema tiegħu stess.

  1. 20 Kmandi Avvanzati għal Utenti tal-Linux ta' Livell Nofsani

Li jmiss? F'dan l-artikolu ser inkun nispjega dawk il-kmandi meħtieġa għall-amministrazzjoni tas-Server Linux.

41. Kmand: ifconfig

ifconfig jintuża biex jiġi kkonfigurat l-interfaces tan-netwerk residenti fil-kernel. Jintuża fil-ħin tal-ibbutjar biex jitwaqqaf interfaces kif meħtieġ. Wara dan, huwa ġeneralment meħtieġ biss meta debugging jew meta l-irfinar tas-sistema hija meħtieġa.

[[email  ~]$ ifconfig 

eth0      Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr 40:2C:F4:EA:CF:0E  
          inet addr:192.168.1.3  Bcast:192.168.1.255  Mask:255.255.255.0 
          inet6 addr: fe80::422c:f4ff:feea:cf0e/64 Scope:Link 
          UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST  MTU:1500  Metric:1 
          RX packets:163843 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 
          TX packets:124990 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 
          collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 
          RX bytes:154389832 (147.2 MiB)  TX bytes:65085817 (62.0 MiB) 
          Interrupt:20 Memory:f7100000-f7120000 

lo        Link encap:Local Loopback  
          inet addr:127.0.0.1  Mask:255.0.0.0 
          inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host 
          UP LOOPBACK RUNNING  MTU:16436  Metric:1 
          RX packets:78 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 
          TX packets:78 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 
          collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 
          RX bytes:4186 (4.0 KiB)  TX bytes:4186 (4.0 KiB)

Uri d-dettalji tal-interfaces Kollha inklużi l-interfaces b'diżabilità bl-użu tal-argument -a.

[[email  ~]$ ifconfig -a

eth0      Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr 40:2C:F4:EA:CF:0E  
          inet addr:192.168.1.3  Bcast:192.168.1.255  Mask:255.255.255.0 
          inet6 addr: fe80::422c:f4ff:feea:cf0e/64 Scope:Link 
          UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST  MTU:1500  Metric:1 
          RX packets:163843 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 
          TX packets:124990 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 
          collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000 
          RX bytes:154389832 (147.2 MiB)  TX bytes:65085817 (62.0 MiB) 
          Interrupt:20 Memory:f7100000-f7120000 

lo        Link encap:Local Loopback  
          inet addr:127.0.0.1  Mask:255.0.0.0 
          inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host 
          UP LOOPBACK RUNNING  MTU:16436  Metric:1 
          RX packets:78 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0 
          TX packets:78 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0 
          collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 
          RX bytes:4186 (4.0 KiB)  TX bytes:4186 (4.0 KiB) 

virbr0    Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr 0e:30:a3:3a:bf:03  
          inet addr:192.168.122.1  Bcast:192.168.122.255  Mask:255.255.255.0
          UP BROADCAST MULTICAST  MTU:1500  Metric:1
          RX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
          TX packets:0 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
          collisions:0 txqueuelen:0 
          RX bytes:0 (0.0 B)  TX bytes:0 (0.0 B)
[[email  ~]$ ifconfig eth0 down
[[email  ~]$ ifconfig eth0 up

Assenja 192.168.1.12 bħala l-indirizz IP għall-interface eth0.

[[email  ~]$ ifconfig eth0 192.168.1.12
[[email  ~]$ ifconfig eth0 netmask 255.255.255.
[[email  ~]$ ifconfig eth0 broadcast 192.168.1.255
[[email  ~]$ ifconfig eth0 192.168.1.12 netmask 255.255.255.0 broadcast 192.168.1.255

Nota: Jekk tuża netwerk mingħajr fili għandek bżonn tuża l-kmand iwconfig. Għal aktar eżempji ta' kmand ifconfig u użu, aqra 15 Kmandi Utli \ifconfig.

42. Kmand: netstat

kmand netstat juri diversi informazzjoni relatata man-netwerk bħal konnessjonijiet tan-netwerk, tabelli tar-routing, statistika tal-interface, konnessjonijiet masquerade, sħubija multicast eċċ.,

[[email  ~]$ netstat -a

Active UNIX domain sockets (servers and established)
Proto RefCnt Flags       Type       State         I-Node   Path
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     741379   /run/user/user1/keyring-I5cn1c/gpg
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     8965     /var/run/acpid.socket
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     18584    /tmp/.X11-unix/X0
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     741385   /run/user/user1/keyring-I5cn1c/ssh
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     741387   /run/user/user1/keyring-I5cn1c/pkcs11
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     20242    @/tmp/dbus-ghtTjuPN46
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     13332    /var/run/samba/winbindd_privileged/pipe
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     13331    /tmp/.winbindd/pipe
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     11030    /var/run/mysqld/mysqld.sock
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     19308    /tmp/ssh-qnZadSgJAbqd/agent.3221
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     436781   /tmp/HotShots
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     46110    /run/user/ravisaive/pulse/native
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     19310    /tmp/gpg-zfE9YT/S.gpg-agent
....
[[email  ~]$ netstat -at

Active Internet connections (servers and established)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address           Foreign Address         State      
tcp        0      0 localhost:mysql         *:*                     LISTEN     
tcp        0      0 *:5901                  *:*                     LISTEN     
tcp        0      0 *:5902                  *:*                     LISTEN     
tcp        0      0 *:x11-1                 *:*                     LISTEN     
tcp        0      0 *:x11-2                 *:*                     LISTEN     
tcp        0      0 *:5938                  *:*                     LISTEN     
tcp        0      0 localhost:5940          *:*                     LISTEN     
tcp        0      0 ravisaive-OptiPl:domain *:*                     LISTEN     
tcp        0      0 ravisaive-OptiPl:domain *:*                     LISTEN     
tcp        0      0 localhost:ipp           *:*                     LISTEN     
tcp        0      0 ravisaive-OptiPle:48270 ec2-23-21-236-70.c:http ESTABLISHED
tcp        0      0 ravisaive-OptiPle:48272 ec2-23-21-236-70.c:http TIME_WAIT  
tcp        0      0 ravisaive-OptiPle:48421 bom03s01-in-f22.1:https ESTABLISHED
tcp        0      0 ravisaive-OptiPle:48269 ec2-23-21-236-70.c:http ESTABLISHED
tcp        0      0 ravisaive-OptiPle:39084 channel-ecmp-06-f:https ESTABLISHED
...
[[email  ~]$ netstat -s

Ip:
    4994239 total packets received
    0 forwarded
    0 incoming packets discarded
    4165741 incoming packets delivered
    3248924 requests sent out
    8 outgoing packets dropped
Icmp:
    29460 ICMP messages received
    566 input ICMP message failed.
    ICMP input histogram:
        destination unreachable: 98
        redirects: 29362
    2918 ICMP messages sent
    0 ICMP messages failed
    ICMP output histogram:
        destination unreachable: 2918
IcmpMsg:
        InType3: 98
        InType5: 29362
        OutType3: 2918
Tcp:
    94533 active connections openings
    23 passive connection openings
    5870 failed connection attempts
    7194 connection resets received
....

KOLLOX SEW! Għal xi raġuni jekk trid ma ssolvix il-host, il-port u l-isem tal-utent bħala output ta 'netstat.

[[email  ~]$ netstat -an

Tajjeb, jista 'jkollok bżonn tikseb l-output ta' netstat kontinwament sakemm tgħaddi l-istruzzjoni tal-interruzzjoni (ctrl+c).

[[email  ~]$ netstat -c

Għal aktar eżempji ta’ kmand “netstat” u użu, ara l-artikolu 20 Eżempji ta’ Kmand Netstat.

43. Kmand: nslookup

Programm ta' utilità tan-netwerk użat biex tinkiseb informazzjoni dwar is-servers tal-Internet. Kif jissuġġerixxi isimha, l-utilità ssib informazzjoni dwar is-server tal-isem għad-dominji billi tistaqsi d-DNS.

[[email  ~]$ nslookup linux-console.net 

Server:		192.168.1.1 
Address:	192.168.1.1#53 

Non-authoritative answer: 
Name:	linux-console.net 
Address: 50.16.67.239
[[email  ~]$ nslookup -query=mx linux-console.net 

Server:		192.168.1.1 
Address:	192.168.1.1#53 

Non-authoritative answer: 
linux-console.net	mail exchanger = 0 smtp.secureserver.net. 
linux-console.net	mail exchanger = 10 mailstore1.secureserver.net. 

Authoritative answers can be found from:
[[email  ~]$ nslookup -type=ns linux-console.net 

Server:		192.168.1.1 
Address:	192.168.1.1#53 

Non-authoritative answer: 
linux-console.net	nameserver = ns3404.com. 
linux-console.net	nameserver = ns3403.com. 

Authoritative answers can be found from:
[[email  ~]$ nslookup -type=any linux-console.net 

Server:		192.168.1.1 
Address:	192.168.1.1#53 

Non-authoritative answer: 
linux-console.net	mail exchanger = 10 mailstore1.secureserver.net. 
linux-console.net	mail exchanger = 0 smtp.secureserver.net. 
linux-console.net	nameserver = ns06.domaincontrol.com. 
linux-console.net	nameserver = ns3404.com. 
linux-console.net	nameserver = ns3403.com. 
linux-console.net	nameserver = ns05.domaincontrol.com. 

Authoritative answers can be found from:
[[email  ~]$ nslookup -type=soa linux-console.net 

Server:		192.168.1.1 
Address:	192.168.1.1#53 

Non-authoritative answer: 
linux-console.net 
	origin = ns3403.hostgator.com 
	mail addr = dnsadmin.gator1702.hostgator.com 
	serial = 2012081102 
	refresh = 86400 
	retry = 7200 
	expire = 3600000 
	minimum = 86400 

Authoritative answers can be found from:

Ibdel in-numru tal-port li bih trid tikkonnettja

[[email  ~]$ nslookup -port 56 linux-console.net

Server:		linux-console.net
Address:	50.16.76.239#53

Name:	56
Address: 14.13.253.12

44. Kmand: ħaffer

dig hija għodda għall-mistoqsijiet ta' nameservers tad-DNS għal informazzjoni dwar indirizzi ospitanti, skambji tal-posta, nameservers, u informazzjoni relatata. Din l-għodda tista 'tintuża minn kwalunkwe sistema operattiva Linux (Unix) jew Macintosh OS X. L-aktar użu tipiku ta 'dig huwa li sempliċiment mistoqsija host wieħed.

[[email  ~]$ dig linux-console.net

; <<>> DiG 9.8.2rc1-RedHat-9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6 <<>> linux-console.net 
;; global options: +cmd 
;; Got answer: 
;; ->>HEADER<
[[email  ~]$ dig linux-console.net +nocomments 

; <<>> DiG 9.8.2rc1-RedHat-9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6 <<>> linux-console.net +nocomments 
;; global options: +cmd 
;linux-console.net.			IN	A 
linux-console.net.		14400	IN	A	40.216.66.239 
;; Query time: 418 msec 
;; SERVER: 192.168.1.1#53(192.168.1.1) 
;; WHEN: Sat Jun 29 13:53:22 2013 
;; MSG SIZE  rcvd: 45
[[email  ~]$ dig linux-console.net +noauthority 

; <<>> DiG 9.8.2rc1-RedHat-9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6 <<>> linux-console.net +noauthority 
;; global options: +cmd 
;; Got answer: 
;; ->>HEADER<
[[email  ~]$ dig  linux-console.net +noadditional 

; <<>> DiG 9.9.2-P1 <<>> linux-console.net +noadditional
;; global options: +cmd
;; Got answer:
;; ->>HEADER<
[[email  ~]$ dig linux-console.net +nostats 

; <<>> DiG 9.8.2rc1-RedHat-9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6 <<>> linux-console.net +nostats 
;; global options: +cmd 
;; Got answer: 
;; ->>HEADER<
[[email  ~]$ dig linux-console.net +noanswer 

; <<>> DiG 9.8.2rc1-RedHat-9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6 <<>> linux-console.net +noanswer 
;; global options: +cmd 
;; Got answer: 
;; ->>HEADER<
[[email  ~]$ dig linux-console.net +noall 

; <<>> DiG 9.8.2rc1-RedHat-9.8.2-0.17.rc1.el6 <<>> linux-console.net +noall 
;; global options: +cmd

45. Kmand: uptime

Għadek kemm konnessi mal-Linux Server Machine tiegħek u twaqqaf Xi ħaġa mhux tas-soltu jew malizzjuża, x'se tagħmel? Aqta…. LE, żgur li ma tista' tħaddem il-ħin biex tivverifika x'ġara fil-fatt meta s-server ma kienx hemm nies magħhom.

[[email  ~]$ uptime

14:37:10 up  4:21,  2 users,  load average: 0.00, 0.00, 0.04

46. Kmand: ħajt

wieħed mill-aktar kmand importanti għall-amministratur, il-ħajt jibgħat messaġġ lil kull min illoggja bil-permess tal-mesg tagħhom issettjat għal iva. Il-messaġġ jista 'jingħata bħala argument lill-ħajt, jew jista' jintbagħat lill-input standard tal-ħajt.

[[email  ~]$ wall "we will be going down for maintenance for one hour sharply at 03:30 pm"

Broadcast message from [email  (pts/0) (Sat Jun 29 14:44:02 2013): 

we will be going down for maintenance for one hour sharply at 03:30 pm

47. kmand: mesg

Iħallik tikkontrolla jekk in-nies jistgħux jużaw il-kmand \kitba, biex jibagħtulek test fuq l-iskrin.

mesg [n|y]
n - prevents the message from others popping up on the screen.
y – Allows messages to appear on your screen.

48. Kmand: ikteb

Ħalli inti tibgħat test direttament lill-iskrin ta 'magna Linux oħra jekk 'mesg' hija 'y'.

[[email  ~]$ write ravisaive

49. Kmand: kellem

Titjib biex tikteb kmand, talk kmand ihallik titkellem mal-utenti li illoggjaw.

[[email  ~]$ talk ravisaive

Nota: Jekk il-kmand tat-taħdit mhux installat, dejjem tista' twaħħal jew yum il-pakketti meħtieġa.

[[email  ~]$ yum install talk
OR
[[email  ~]$ apt-get install talk

50. Kmand: w

x’kmand ‘w’ jidhirlek umoristiku? Imma fil-fatt mhuwiex. t huwa kmand, anke jekk huwa twil ittra waħda biss! Il-kmand w huwa kombinazzjoni ta 'uptime u min jikkmanda jingħata wieħed immedjatament wara l-ieħor, f'dik l-ordni.

[[email  ~]$ w

15:05:42 up  4:49,  3 users,  load average: 0.02, 0.01, 0.00 
USER     TTY      FROM              [email    IDLE   JCPU   PCPU WHAT 
server   tty7     :0               14:06    4:43m  1:42   0.08s pam: gdm-passwo 
server   pts/0    :0.0             14:18    0.00s  0.23s  1.65s gnome-terminal 
server   pts/1    :0.0             14:47    4:43   0.01s  0.01s bash

51. Kmand: semmi mill-ġdid

Kif jissuġġerixxi l-isem, dan il-kmand semmi mill-ġdid il-fajls. semmi mill-ġdid se semmi mill-ġdid il-fajls speċifikati billi tissostitwixxi l-ewwel okkorrenza mill-isem tal-fajl.

Give the file names a1, a2, a3, a4.....1213

Ittajpja biss il-kmand.

 rename a1 a0 a?
 rename a1 a0 a??

52. Kmand: fuq

Juri l-proċessi tas-CPU. Dan il-kmand jġedded awtomatikament, awtomatikament u jkompli juri proċessi tas-CPU sakemm ma tingħatax struzzjoni ta' interruzzjoni.

[[email  ~]$ top

top - 14:06:45 up 10 days, 20:57,  2 users,  load average: 0.10, 0.16, 0.21
Tasks: 240 total,   1 running, 235 sleeping,   0 stopped,   4 zombie
%Cpu(s):  2.0 us,  0.5 sy,  0.0 ni, 97.5 id,  0.0 wa,  0.0 hi,  0.0 si,  0.0 st
KiB Mem:   2028240 total,  1777848 used,   250392 free,    81804 buffers
KiB Swap:  3905532 total,   156748 used,  3748784 free,   381456 cached

  PID USER      PR  NI  VIRT  RES  SHR S  %CPU %MEM    TIME+ COMMAND                                                                                                            
23768 ravisaiv  20   0 1428m 571m  41m S   2.3 28.9  14:27.52 firefox                                                                                                            
24182 ravisaiv  20   0  511m 132m  25m S   1.7  6.7   2:45.94 plugin-containe                                                                                                    
26929 ravisaiv  20   0  5344 1432  972 R   0.7  0.1   0:00.07 top                                                                                                                
24875 ravisaiv  20   0  263m  14m  10m S   0.3  0.7   0:02.76 lxterminal                                                                                                         
    1 root      20   0  3896 1928 1228 S   0.0  0.1   0:01.62 init                                                                                                               
    2 root      20   0     0    0    0 S   0.0  0.0   0:00.06 kthreadd                                                                                                           
    3 root      20   0     0    0    0 S   0.0  0.0   0:17.28 ksoftirqd/0                                                                                                        
    5 root       0 -20     0    0    0 S   0.0  0.0   0:00.00 kworker/0:0H                                                                                                       
    7 root       0 -20     0    0    0 S   0.0  0.0   0:00.00 kworker/u:0H                                                                                                       
    8 root      rt   0     0    0    0 S   0.0  0.0   0:00.12 migration/0                                                                                                        
    9 root      20   0     0    0    0 S   0.0  0.0   0:00.00 rcu_bh                                                                                                             
   10 root      20   0     0    0    0 S   0.0  0.0   0:26.94 rcu_sched                                                                                                          
   11 root      rt   0     0    0    0 S   0.0  0.0   0:01.95 watchdog/0                                                                                                         
   12 root      rt   0     0    0    0 S   0.0  0.0   0:02.00 watchdog/1                                                                                                         
   13 root      20   0     0    0    0 S   0.0  0.0   0:17.80 ksoftirqd/1                                                                                                        
   14 root      rt   0     0    0    0 S   0.0  0.0   0:00.12 migration/1                                                                                                        
   16 root       0 -20     0    0    0 S   0.0  0.0   0:00.00 kworker/1:0H                                                                                                       
   17 root       0 -20     0    0    0 S   0.0  0.0   0:00.00 cpuset                                                                                                             
   18 root       0 -20     0    0    0 S   0.0  0.0   0:00.00 khelper                                                                                                            
   19 root      20   0     0    0    0 S   0.0  0.0   0:00.00 kdevtmpfs                                                                                                          
   20 root       0 -20     0    0    0 S   0.0  0.0   0:00.00 netns                                                                                                              
   21 root      20   0     0    0    0 S   0.0  0.0   0:00.04 bdi-default                                                                                                        
   22 root       0 -20     0    0    0 S   0.0  0.0   0:00.00 kintegrityd                                                                                                        
   23 root       0 -20     0    0    0 S   0.0  0.0   0:00.00 kblockd                                                                                                            
   24 root       0 -20     0    0    0 S   0.0  0.0   0:00.00 ata_sff

Aqra wkoll: 12 Eżempji tal-Kmand TOP

53. Kmand: mkfs.ext4

Dan il-kmand joħloq sistema ġdida ta 'fajls ext4 fuq l-apparat speċifikat, jekk jiġi segwit apparat ħażin wara dan il-kmand, il-blokk kollu se jintmesaħ u jkun ifformattjat, għalhekk huwa ssuġġerit li ma tmexxix dan il-kmand sakemm u sakemm tifhem x'qed tagħmel.

Mkfs.ext4 /dev/sda1 (sda1 block will be formatted)
mkfs.ext4 /dev/sdb1 (sdb1 block will be formatted)

Aqra aktar: X'inhu Ext4 u Kif Toħloq u Tikkonverti

54. Kmand: vi/emacs/nano

vi (viżwali), emacs, nano huma wħud mill-edituri l-aktar użati fil-Linux. Ħafna drabi jintużaw biex jeditjaw test, konfigurazzjoni,... fajls. Gwida ta' malajr biex taħdem madwar vi u nano hija, emacs huwa a.

[[email  ~]$ touch a.txt (creates a text file a.txt) 
[[email  ~]$ vi a.txt (open a.txt with vi editor)

[agħfas ‘i’ biex tidħol fil-modalità ta’ inserzjoni, jew ma tkun tista’ tikteb xejn]

echo "Hello"  (your text here for the file)

  1. alt+x (ħruġ mill-mod ta' inserzjoni, ftakar li żżomm ftit spazju bejn l-aħħar ittra.
  2. ctrl+x kmand jew l-aħħar kelma tiegħek titħassar).
  3. :wq! (jiffranka l-fajl, bit-test kurrenti, ftakar li ‘!’ huwa li jinqabeż).

[[email  ~]$ nano a.txt (open a.txt file to be edited with nano)
edit, with the content, required

ctrl +x (biex tagħlaq l-editur). Se juri l-output bħala:

Save modified buffer (ANSWERING "No" WILL DESTROY CHANGES) ?                    
 Y Yes 
 N No           ^C Cancel

Ikklikkja 'y' biex iva u daħħal l-isem tal-fajl, u lest.

55. Kmand: rsync

Rsync tikkopja fajls u għandha swiċċ -P għal bar ta 'progress. Mela jekk għandek rsync installat, tista' tuża alias sempliċi.

alias cp='rsync -aP'

Issa ipprova tikkopja fajl kbir fit-terminal u ara l-output b'oġġetti li jifdal, simili għal bar ta 'progress.

Barra minn hekk, iż-Żamma u ż-Żamma tal-backup huwa wieħed mill-aktar xogħol importanti u boring li jeħtieġ li jwettaq amministratur tas-sistema. Rsync hija għodda sabiħa ħafna (jeżisti, bosta oħrajn) biex toħloq u żżomm backup, fit-terminal.

[[email  ~]$ rsync -zvr IMG_5267\ copy\=33\ copy\=ok.jpg ~/Desktop/ 

sending incremental file list 
IMG_5267 copy=33 copy=ok.jpg 

sent 2883830 bytes  received 31 bytes  5767722.00 bytes/sec 
total size is 2882771  speedup is 1.00

Nota: -z għall-kompressjoni, -v għal verbose u -r għal rikorsiv.

56. Kmand: b'xejn

Iż-żamma tal-memorja u r-riżorsi hija importanti daqs kull kompitu ieħor imwettaq minn amministratur, u l-kmand 'ħieles' jiġi biex isalva hawn.

[[email  ~]$ free

             total       used       free     shared    buffers     cached
Mem:       2028240    1788272     239968          0      69468     363716
-/+ buffers/cache:    1355088     673152
Swap:      3905532     157076    3748456
[[email  ~]$ free -b

             total       used       free     shared    buffers     cached
Mem:    2076917760 1838272512  238645248          0   71348224  372670464
-/+ buffers/cache: 1394253824  682663936
Swap:   3999264768  160845824 3838418944
[[email  ~]$ free -k

             total       used       free     shared    buffers     cached
Mem:       2028240    1801484     226756          0      69948     363704
-/+ buffers/cache:    1367832     660408
Swap:      3905532     157076    3748456
[[email  ~]$ free -m

             total       used       free     shared    buffers     cached
Mem:          1980       1762        218          0         68        355
-/+ buffers/cache:       1338        641
Swap:         3813        153       3660
[[email  ~]$ free -g

             total       used       free     shared    buffers     cached
Mem:             1          1          0          0          0          0
-/+ buffers/cache:          1          0
Swap:            3          0          3
[[email  ~]$ free -h

             total       used       free     shared    buffers     cached
Mem:          1.9G       1.7G       208M         0B        68M       355M
-/+ buffers/cache:       1.3G       632M
Swap:         3.7G       153M       3.6G
[[email  ~]$ free -s 3

             total       used       free     shared    buffers     cached
Mem:       2028240    1824096     204144          0      70708     364180
-/+ buffers/cache:    1389208     639032
Swap:      3905532     157076    3748456

             total       used       free     shared    buffers     cached
Mem:       2028240    1824192     204048          0      70716     364212
-/+ buffers/cache:    1389264     638976
Swap:      3905532     157076    3748456

57. Kmand: mysqldump

Ok s'issa kont fhimt xi jfisser dan il-kmand fil-fatt, mill-isem ta' dan il-kmand. mysqldump jikkmanda dumps (backups) id-data tad-database kollha jew partikolari f'fajl partikolari.

[[email  ~]$ mysqldump -u root -p --all-databases > /home/server/Desktop/backupfile.sql

Nota: mysqldump jeħtieġ li mysql ikun qed jaħdem u jikkoreġi l-password għall-awtorizzazzjoni. Aħna koprejna xi kmandi utli mysqldump f'Database Backup bil-Kmand mysqldump

58. Kmand: mkpasswd

Agħmel password każwali, diffiċli biex tissejjes, tat-tul kif speċifikat.

[[email  ~]$ mkpasswd -l 10

zI4+Ybqfx9
[[email  ~]$ mkpasswd -l 20 

w0Pr7aqKk&hmbmqdrlmk

Nota: -l 10 jiġġenera password każwali ta '10 karattri filwaqt li -l 20 jiġġenera password ta' karattru 20, tista 'tiġi ssettjata għal kwalunkwe ħaġa biex tikseb riżultat mixtieq. Dan il-kmand huwa utli ħafna u implimentat fil-lingwa tal-kitba ta' spiss biex jiġġenera passwords każwali. Jista 'jkollok bżonn li yum jew apt il-pakkett tistenna biex tuża dan il-kmand.

 yum install expect 
OR
 apt-get install expect

59. Kmand: pejst

Jingħaqdu żewġ fajls test jew aktar fuq linji bl-użu. Eżempju. Jekk il-kontenut tal-file1 kien:

1 
2 
3 

and file2 was: 

a 
b 
c 
d 
the resulting file3 would be: 

1    a 
2    b 
3    c 
     d

60.Kmand: lsof

lsof tfisser \lista fajls miftuħa u turi l-fajls kollha li s-sistema tiegħek tkun infetħet bħalissa. Huwa utli ħafna li wieħed jifhem liema proċessi juża ċertu fajl, jew li juri l-fajls kollha għal proċess wieħed. Xi Kmand 10 lsof utli eżempji, tista’ tkun interessat fil-qari.

[[email  ~]$ lsof 

COMMAND     PID   TID            USER   FD      TYPE     DEVICE SIZE/OFF       NODE NAME
init          1                  root  cwd       DIR        8,1     4096          2 /
init          1                  root  rtd       DIR        8,1     4096          2 /
init          1                  root  txt       REG        8,1   227432     395571 /sbin/init
init          1                  root  mem       REG        8,1    47080     263023 /lib/i386-linux-gnu/libnss_files-2.17.so
init          1                  root  mem       REG        8,1    42672     270178 /lib/i386-linux-gnu/libnss_nis-2.17.so
init          1                  root  mem       REG        8,1    87940     270187 /lib/i386-linux-gnu/libnsl-2.17.so
init          1                  root  mem       REG        8,1    30560     263021 /lib/i386-linux-gnu/libnss_compat-2.17.so
init          1                  root  mem       REG        8,1   124637     270176 /lib/i386-linux-gnu/libpthread-2.17.so
init          1                  root  mem       REG        8,1  1770984     266166 /lib/i386-linux-gnu/libc-2.17.so
init          1                  root  mem       REG        8,1    30696     262824 /lib/i386-linux-gnu/librt-2.17.so
init          1                  root  mem       REG        8,1    34392     262867 /lib/i386-linux-gnu/libjson.so.0.1.0
init          1                  root  mem       REG        8,1   296792     262889 /lib/i386-linux-gnu/libdbus-1.so.3.7.2
init          1                  root  mem       REG        8,1    34168     262840 /lib/i386-linux-gnu/libnih-dbus.so.1.0.0
init          1                  root  mem       REG        8,1    95616     262848 /lib/i386-linux-gnu/libnih.so.1.0.0
init          1                  root  mem       REG        8,1   134376     270186 /lib/i386-linux-gnu/ld-2.17.so
init          1                  root    0u      CHR        1,3      0t0       1035 /dev/null
init          1                  root    1u      CHR        1,3      0t0       1035 /dev/null
init          1                  root    2u      CHR        1,3      0t0       1035 /dev/null
init          1                  root    3r     FIFO        0,8      0t0       1714 pipe
init          1                  root    4w     FIFO        0,8      0t0       1714 pipe
init          1                  root    5r     0000        0,9        0       6245 anon_inode
init          1                  root    6r     0000        0,9        0       6245 anon_inode
init          1                  root    7u     unix 0xf5e91f80      0t0       8192 @/com/ubuntu/upstart
init          1                  root    8w      REG        8,1     3916        394 /var/log/upstart/teamviewerd.log.1 (deleted)

Dan mhux it-tmiem, Amministratur tas-Sistema jagħmel ħafna affarijiet, biex jagħtik interface daqshekk sabiħ, li fuqha taħdem. L-Amministrazzjoni tas-Sistema hija fil-fatt arti ta 'tagħlim u implimentazzjoni b'mod ferm perfett. Aħna nippruvaw niksbuk bl-affarijiet l-oħra kollha meħtieġa li professjonist tal-Linux irid jitgħallem, Linux fil-bażiku tiegħu fil-fatt innifsu, huwa proċess ta 'tagħlim u tagħlim. Il-kliem it-tajjeb tiegħek huwa dejjem imfittex, li jħeġġiġna nagħmlu aktar sforz biex nagħtuk artiklu infurmati. \Like u aqsamna, biex tgħinna nfirxu.